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How Nokia Ushers in 100G Transport Services Era

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Nokia on Tuesday introduced a significant expansion of its 1830 Photonic Service Switch (PSS) portfolio, quadrupling optical fiber capacity to more than 70 terabits per second to address surging network data traffic demand.

Centered around the Photonic Service Engine version 2 (PSE-2) from Nokia Bell Labs, the enhanced 1830 PSS family doubles wavelength capacities and wavelengths per fiber, giving operators a platform to efficiently deliver the 100G transport services that customers are demanding.

Service providers are under tremendous pressure to scale their networks to meet the demands of large enterprises, cloud operators and Internet content providers for high-capacity, on-demand services – all while maintaining profitability by lowering cost per bit.

According to a white paper published by industry analyst firm Ovum, the rapid adoption of 100G router ports for the interconnection of data centers and metro and backbone applications is driving the need for operators to migrate from 10G client services to 100G to keep pace with escalating transport requirements.

Yet capacity alone is no longer sufficient to respond to ever-changing bandwidth demands. Optical transport is evolving from relatively static applications to highly dynamic services that can be turned up quickly and reconfigured on the fly.

Nokia is helping operators address these challenges with an expanded 1830 PSS portfolio featuring unprecedented flexibility through the new PSE-2 chipset and industry-leading scale with the 1830 PSS-24x.

These innovations and platforms provide operators with a cost-effective way of delivering business-driven 100G transport services.

Highest Performance, Most Programmable Optical Chipset

The PSE-2 is the world’s most sophisticated and highly integrated electro-optic chipset. It gives network operators the power to nimbly balance wavelength capacity and reach, maximizing the efficiency of every fiber in their network. The Nokia-designed PSE-2 is available in two versions:

The PSE-2 Super Coherent (PSE-2s) provides the ultimate in performance and flexibility for applications with very high traffic demands and potentially challenging distance requirements.

It can be programmed with seven unique modulation formats to support optimized 100G to 500G transport wavelength capacities, and distances for applications ranging from metro to ultra-long haul – including the industry’s first 400G single carrier, the first 200G long haul and the first 100G ultra-long haul.

The PSE-2s lowers cost per bit per kilometer by maximizing capacity for every distance, while using 50 percent less power.

The PSE-2 Compact (PSE-2c) is optimized for 100G DWDM applications where density, space and low power are paramount, including metro access and aggregation networks. The PSE-2c design creates more compact line cards that support “pay as you grow” pluggable optics, while consuming 66 percent less power.

Most Scalable Packet-OTN Switch Delivers Efficient Wavelengths And Differentiated Services

Employing the new Nokia-designed Transport Switching Engine (TSE) chipset, the 1830 PSS-24x is the industry’s most scalable packet/OTN multilayer switching platform.

By combining a TSE-powered switch fabric with PSE-2 coherent interfaces, the 1830 PSS-24x offers 9.6 terabits of switching per half-rack shelf, scalable to 48 terabits per rack.

This gives operators a new level of 100G service density, efficiency, and resiliency while using 50% less space and power than current generation packet/OTN switches.

Flexible DWDM Line Card With Up To 500g Capacity

Powered by the PSE-2s and its variable modulation capabilities, the 1830 PSS 500G DWDM Muxponder gives network operators unprecedented capacity, reach, and wavelength flexibility.

It also offers operators investment protection for their 1830 PSS platforms with an instant capacity upgrade, carrying as many as five 100G services per line card.

The 500G line card is available and being delivered to customers now.

Complete DWDM Transport Solution With Doubled Capacity

Nokia has expanded its industry-leading Wavelength Routing solution to support the L wavelength band, creating the industry’s most scalable optical layer by doubling the number of wavelengths per fiber.

By integrating PSE-2 powered interfaces and Colorless, Directionless, Contentionless, with Flexgrid (CDC-F) technology, the 1830 PSS Ultra-Wideband Wavelength Routing solution becomes the industry’s first C+L band CDC-F system, giving operators unprecedented programmability in the photonic layer.

Daniel Melzer, CTO of DE-CIX, said: “By operating the world’s leading Internet exchange with peak traffic of more than 5 Terabits per second, DE-CIX is seeing an increased need to dynamically interconnect 100G router ports to handle our changing bandwidth needs. We are excited to see Nokia introducing the optical innovations of the 1830 PSS 500G Muxponder, which can be reprogrammed quickly to multiple transport wavelength capacity and distance configurations. This unprecedented flexibility on a single optical line card will deliver a highly cost-effective solution that can support both raw capacity at 500G and maximum long haul distance at 200G.”

Ron Kline, Principal Analyst, Intelligent Networks at Ovum, said: “According to our research, service provider adoption of 100 Gigabit Ethernet is expected to drive growth of Core IP/MPLS routers to roughly $3.6 billion by 2020. This, in turn, will fundamentally transform operators’ networks as they look for solutions to handle this massive capacity increase in increments of 100G. Nokia has addressed this trend with its next-generation PSE-2 powered portfolio. The PSE-2 innovations deliver both scale and flexibility across every layer of the optical transport network.”

Sterling Perrin, Senior Analyst at Heavy Reading, said: “Nokia has come out with a powerful combination of innovations aimed at increasing capacity while also adding flexibility and improving efficiency in optical transport networks. More significantly, these are not just technologies, but commercial products that are being rolled out right now. While each of the PSE-2 advancements is important on its own, it is really the flexible combination of features – covering 100G to 200G to 400G and from metro to long haul and ultra long haul applications – that makes the PSE-2 announcement so compelling.”

Sam Bucci, head of optical networking at Nokia, said: “When we introduced the industry’s first single carrier 100G solution in 2010 we became a leader in optical network transformations, a position that was further solidified when we released the first programmable 100G/200G line card. With the launch of the PSE-2, our 500G Muxponder and the 1830 PSS-24x, we are again at the forefront of innovations, leading the way to 100G client services being the currency of modern optical networks. Thanks to the optical innovations of Nokia Bell Labs we are able to keep operators ahead of today’s aggressive bandwidth demand curve.”

 

 


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Trump Threatens More Strikes in Nigeria

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President Donald Trump has warned that the United States could carry out further military strikes in Nigeria if Christians continue to be killed, reigniting a sensitive debate over religious violence and foreign intervention in Africa’s most populous nation.

Trump Threatens More Strikes in Nigeria

President Donald Trump

Trump made the remarks in an interview with The New York Times, published on Thursday, while responding to questions about a US military strike carried out in Nigeria on Christmas Day.

At the time, the US military said the operation targeted Islamic State militants in north-west Nigeria and was conducted at the request of the Nigerian government.

Nigeria, however, described the operation as a joint counterterrorism effort, stressing that it was aimed at armed groups designated as terrorists and “had nothing to do with a particular religion”.

“I’d love to make it a one-time strike,” Trump was quoted as saying. “But if they continue to kill Christians, it will be a many-time strike.”

Pressed on comments by his own Africa adviser that extremist groups such as Islamic State and Boko Haram have killed more Muslims than Christians in Nigeria, Trump acknowledged that Muslims were also victims but insisted that Christians were being targeted disproportionately.

“I think that Muslims are being killed also in Nigeria. But it’s mostly Christians,” he said.

Trump has repeatedly raised alarms about the safety of Christians in Nigeria, beginning in late October when he warned that Christianity faced what he described as an “existential threat” in the country. He has accused Nigerian authorities of failing to adequately protect Christian communities and has openly threatened US military intervention if the violence continues.

Nigeria has firmly rejected claims of systematic persecution of Christians. The government maintains that the country’s security challenges are complex and largely driven by insurgency, banditry and criminal violence rather than religious targeting.

With a population of more than 230 million people, Nigeria is almost evenly divided between Christians, who are concentrated mainly in the south, and Muslims, who predominate in the north. Islamist insurgencies, particularly Boko Haram and its offshoots, have plagued parts of northern Nigeria for more than a decade, killing thousands and displacing millions.

Nigerian authorities have repeatedly pointed out that militant attacks have claimed the lives of both Muslims and Christians, arguing that framing the violence along religious lines oversimplifies the crisis and risks inflaming tensions.

Following Trump’s earlier threats, the Nigerian government said it was willing to continue cooperating with Washington in combating terrorism but rejected language suggesting that Christians alone were under threat.

The latest comments are likely to strain diplomatic relations further, as Nigeria balances its partnership with the United States against concerns over sovereignty, security cooperation and the portrayal of its internal conflicts on the global stage.


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OpenAI Launches ChatGPT Health

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OpenAI maker of ChatGPT is rolling out a health-focused feature to the generative artificial intelligence (AI) tool that’s used by nearly a billion users.

Named ChatGPT Health, the new feature aims to provide users with health and wellness information. This, as health is one of the most common ways people use ChatGPT, according to OpenAI.

In a blog post, Microsoft-backed OpenAI says de-identified analysis of conversations show that over 230 million people globally ask health and wellness-related questions on ChatGPT every week.

ChatGPT Health will also “securely” connect medical records and wellness apps to ground conversations with a user’s own health information, making responses more relevant and useful.

“Designed in close collaboration with physicians, ChatGPT Health helps people take a more active role in understanding and managing their health and wellness – while supporting, not replacing, care from clinicians.”

According to OpenAI, health information is often scattered across portals, apps, wearables, PDFs, and medical notes making it hard to see the full picture, and people are left to navigate a complex healthcare system on their own.

“ChatGPT Health builds on these so responses are informed by your health information and context. You can now securely connect medical records and wellness apps – like Apple Health, Function, and MyFitnessPal – so ChatGPT can help you understand recent test results, prepare for appointments with your doctor, get advice on how to approach your diet and workout routine, or understand the trade-offs of different insurance options based on your healthcare patterns.”

According to the company, ChatGPT Health is designed to support, not replace, medical care, adding that it is not intended for diagnosis or treatment. “Instead, it helps you navigate everyday questions and understand patterns over time – not just moments of illness – so you can feel more informed and prepared for important medical conversations.

“To keep your health information protected and secure, Health operates as a separate space with enhanced privacy to protect sensitive data. Conversations in Health are not used to train our foundation models. If you start a health-related conversation in ChatGPT, we’ll suggest moving into Health for these additional protections.”

OpenAI adds that access to ChatGPT Health has started with a small group of early users to learn and continue refining the experience, adding that users with ChatGPT Free, Go, Plus, and Pro plans outside of the European Economic Area, Switzerland, and the UK are eligible.

“As we make improvements, we plan to expand access and make Health available to all users on web and iOS in the coming weeks.

“Medical record integrations and some apps are available in the US only, and connecting Apple Health requires iOS.”


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Kaspersky Shares AI Cybersecurity Predictions for 2026

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Kaspersky experts outline how the rapid development of AI is reshaping the cybersecurity landscape in 2026, both for individual users and for businesses. Large language models (LLMs) are influencing defensive capabilities while simultaneously expanding opportunities for threat actors.

Deepfakes are becoming a mainstream technology, and awareness will continue to grow. Companies are increasingly discussing the risks of synthetic content and training employees to reduce the likelihood of falling victim to it. As the volume of deepfakes grows, so does the range of formats in which they appear.

At the same time, awareness is rising not only within organisations but also among regular users: end consumers encounter fake content more often and better understand the nature of such threats. As a result, deepfakes are becoming a stable element of the security agenda, requiring a systematic approach to training and internal policies.

Deepfake quality will improve through better audio and a lowering barrier to entry. The visual quality of deepfakes is already high, while realistic audio remains the main area for future growth.

At the same time, content generation tools are becoming easier to use: even non-experts can now create a mid-quality deepfake in just a few clicks. As a result, the average quality continues to rise, creation becomes accessible to a far broader audience, and these capabilities will inevitably continue to be leveraged by cybercriminals.

Online deepfakes will continue to evolve but remain tools for advanced users. Real-time face and voice swapping technologies are improving, but their setup still requires more advanced technical skills. Wide adoption is unlikely, yet the risks in targeted scenarios will grow: increasing realism and the ability to manipulate video through virtual cameras make such attacks more convincing.

Efforts to develop a reliable system for labelling AI-generated content will continue. There are still no unified criteria for reliably identifying synthetic content, and current labels are easy to bypass or remove, especially when working with open-source models. For this reason, new technical and regulatory initiatives aimed at addressing the problem are likely to emerge.

Open-weight models will approach top closed models in many cybersecurity-related tasks, which create more opportunities for misuse. Closed models still offer stricter control mechanisms and safeguards, limiting abuse.

However, open-source systems are rapidly catching up in functionality and circulate without comparable restrictions. This blurs the difference between proprietary models and open-source models both of which can be used efficiently for undesired or malicious purposes.

The line between legitimate and fraudulent AI-generated content will become increasingly blurred. AI can already produce well-crafted scam emails, convincing visual identities, and high-quality phishing pages.

At the same time, major brands are adopting synthetic materials in advertising, making AI-generated content look familiar and visually “normal.” As a result, distinguishing real from fake will become even more challenging, both for users and for automated detection systems.

AI will become a cross-chain tool in cyberattacks and be used across most stages of the kill chain. Threat actors already employ LLMs to write code, build infrastructure, and automate operational tasks.

Further advances will reinforce this trend: AI will increasingly support multiple stages of an attack, from preparation and communication to assembling malicious components, probing for vulnerabilities and deploying tools. Attackers will also work to hide signs of AI involvement, making such operations harder to analyse.

“While AI tools are being used in cyberattacks, they are also becoming a more common tool in security analysis and influence how SOC teams work. Agent-based systems will be able to continuously scan infrastructure, identify vulnerabilities, and gather contextual information for investigations, reducing the amount of manual routine work.

“As a result, specialists will shift from manually searching for data to making decisions based on already-prepared context. In parallel, security tools will transition to natural-language interfaces, enabling prompts instead of complex technical queries,” adds Vladislav Tushkanov, Research Development Group Manager at Kaspersky.

 


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