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Big Data: Fraud, Finances
Financial institutions have been working hard to implement technologies which better protect them and their customers.
Innovations such as chip and PIN have made cards more secure, while the introduction of two-factor authentication has also greatly helped.
However, none of these systems are perfect and fraud levels continue to rise in many countries.
Fortunately this is an area where big data can make a significant difference.
Fraud detection relies upon the use of both relational data and non-relational data – structured and unstructured data.
Banks know where our home branch is and they know within a standard range of incidences how often we take out money or use our cards.
They know where we work and the types of transactions we make most commonly. These known quantities form part of the fraud detection process.
The unpredictability of humans….
But the nature of human beings is that we do not always stick to the path most travelled. Consider a man buying an engagement ring. This is a perfect example of something which many people may only ever do once in their lives.
Looked at in terms of that data point it appears to be an entirely random act.
A man on the hunt for an engagement ring may never even have set foot in a jewellers shop in his life.
He will almost certainly have never spent a month’s wages on a single item of jewellery. In the world of data analysis such screaming anomalies should be cause for concern.
So why are more people not challenged when making this kind of transaction? Because it is incumbent upon banks not to leave us frustrated or without cash in our hour of need.
The man buying an engagement ring may have enough on his mind without having his card declined at the point of sale. For every transaction, a bank or a card issuer is dynamically analysing data and weighing up the risk of fraud.
The key lies of course in big data.
There are many types of data, unrelated even to the individual which can quickly be referenced – in split seconds thanks to the power with which big data is processed – from data relevant to that individual, such as past travel habits, to data relevant to the nature of the suspect transaction.
Patterns of where fraud has been conducted and past behaviours of the rightful card owner are a key element in detecting and predicting fraud, to the extent that diverse frauds can be traced quickly back to specific businesses where a rogue employee may be stealing card numbers or cloning cards.
Banks now have that reservoir of data related to fraudulent activity and quickly assess the likelihood of transactions being suspect.
Back to our hopeful man shopping for an engagement ring, he may go unchallenged because that reservoir of data shows that very few fraudsters try to conduct card fraud in jewellery shops. This may be because of high levels of CCTV coverage in such shops.
…is actually quite predictable
Believe it or not, the apparently unusual purchase of engagement rings is actually fairly predictable. Somebody may never have bought an engagement ring before, but his card issuer may see from his profile that he fits the bill of somebody due to.
A recent mortgage, an increased focus on saving, a second name appearing on a credit card, an expensive holiday in contrast to the budget breaks or golf holidays he has been on with his friends in the past, regular outlay on home furniture which suggests he is setting up home with somebody, a move from a sporadic expenditure on food to a more structured approach which suggests more nights in at home, less time spent in bars, more time in restaurants.
These are all behaviours which become powerful data points in the overall modelling of customer profiles.
He may think his purchase of an engagement ring is extraordinary and a huge step but his bank – or at least the data it holds – may have been able to tell it was coming for some time.
Ultimately, data has the ability to look at us dispassionately and non-judgmentally. We may think it outrageous that we celebrate a birthday once a year by spending over the odds on dinner at a fancy restaurant we’d never normally visit on any other day of the year.
But if this is something we only do once a year then the data barely needs to be sweated to find an answer as to whether this is fraudulent behaviour.
Once per year may seem occasional to us, or even out of character, because it is at odds to the way we behave on the other 364 days of the year, but the data sees a creature of habit.
It knows it’s our birthday – not least because our date of birth is among the relational data held about us. That fact can easily be linked to any spike in spending on that date.
Even our one-off purchases are almost certainly not as one-off as we think. Most people exercise a degree of financial caution and display behaviours our banks will be able to understand from the data they collect and analyse.
We may only buy one engagement ring in our lives but the money spent on that engagement ring will almost certainly be within a predictable parameter based on our salary, our regular outgoings and the value of our mean and median purchases and the statistical outliers we will have created with purchases such as a car or a house.
All of this means that the vast majority of our spending is reassuringly predictable.
The insights into our behaviour that big data analysis brings about provides a clear benchmark against which fraudulent activity can be rapidly identified and shut down.
Adebayo Sanni is country director at Oracle

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General News
Identy.io Targets Nigeria, Kenya in Its Africa Expansion Strategy

Nigeria and Kenya are the next target markets for Identy.io, a global provider of digital identities, as it expands into Africa. Facial, fingerprint, and palm identification are among the safe, mobile biometrics that the company specialises in.

According to Indenty.io, its platform runs locally on smartphones, eliminating cloud storage while maintaining security and privacy.
It goes to say this is achieved by leveraging standard smartphones for fingerprint and face scans, the company aims to bridge the continent’s digital divide, where a significant number of adults still lack basic identification.
To spearhead this rollout, the firm has appointed a specialised regional leadership team, including industry veterans from Nigeria’s Bank Verification Number programme, to integrate their automated Biometric Identification System into national digital public infrastructure.
The company says the significance of this move lies in the departure from traditional, “clunky” biometric models.
Historically, digital ID enrollment in Sub-Saharan Africa has been throttled by the high cost of specialised scanners and the logistical nightmare of deploying them to rural areas.
Identy.io notes that its approach shifts the heavy lifting to mobile software.
Identy.io is positioning itself to capture a market the World Bank’s Identification for Development initiative identifies as critical for financial inclusion.
If successful, this could accelerate government-to-person payments and healthcare access in regions where coverage currently sits below 70%.
“We are transforming the traditional industry model, which often relies on expensive and inflexible digital infrastructure,” says Antony Vendhan, Co-founder of Identy.io. “This allows our clients to reach underserved communities by providing individuals with multimodal access to secure their digital identities.”
The company will face established players like IDEMIA and Thales, who have long dominated government contracts.
Furthermore, Identy.io will face competition from up-and-coming regional fintech identity firms such as Smile ID, which already has a significant presence in Know Your Customer services throughout Africa.
To gain an edge, Identy.io has aligned itself with Modular Open Source Identity Platform (MOSIP).
By being listed on the MOSIP marketplace, the company says its tech becomes “plug-and-play” for governments building open-source national ID systems, a growing trend among nations wary of “vendor lock-in.”
While the primary focus remains on Nigeria and Kenya, Identy.io’s long-term roadmap includes a phased rollout to other emerging markets.
News
NDIC Moves to Boost Customers’ Confidence in Nigerian Banks

The Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) has reaffirmed its commitment to safeguarding the nation’s financial system, announcing that its recent upward review of the maximum deposit insurance coverage now protects about 99% of depositors in the Country.

Kabir Katata, Executive Director (Operations), NDIC, stated this on Wednesday at the Corporation’s 2025 Stakeholders’ Town Hall Meeting held in Enugu.
Katata, while speaking on the theme, “Deepening Stakeholder Engagement,” said the policy to expand deposit insurance coverage was deliberately designed to protect small savers, promote financial inclusion and strengthen public confidence in the banking sector.
He explained that the town hall meeting was aimed at engaging stakeholders across various sectors, including academia, market associations and civil society groups.
“The essence of this town hall meeting is to interact with our stakeholders, tell them what we do and listen to their questions so they can better understand the role NDIC plays in society. We guarantee depositors’ funds and supervise banks to ensure that depositors are protected”, he said.
Katata noted that following the 2024 review of deposit insurance coverage, depositors in Deposit Money Banks (DMBs), Mobile Money Operators (MMOs) and Non-Interest Banks (NIBs) are now insured up to N5 million per depositor.
Similarly, depositors in Microfinance Banks (MFBs), Primary Mortgage Banks (PMBs) and Payment Service Banks (PSBs) now enjoy insurance coverage of up to N2 million per depositor.
“This means that in the event of a bank failure, depositors are promptly paid up to the insured limit,” he said.
He added that depositors with balances exceeding the insured limit would receive the initial insured sum, while the outstanding balance would be paid as liquidation dividends upon realisation of the failed bank’s assets and recovery of debts.
Highlighting improvements in the payout process, Katata referenced the recent resolution of defunct institutions, including Heritage Bank Limited, Union Homes PLC and Aso Savings and Loans PLC.
He said that the Corporation successfully leveraged the Bank Verification Number (BVN) as a unique identifier to trace depositors’ alternative accounts and transfer insured sums within days of bank closures.
“I urge all depositors to ensure that their BVN is properly linked to their bank accounts and identity records. This greatly facilitates seamless and timely access to insured deposits in the event of bank failure,” he advised.
Katata emphasised that although the NDIC works closely with the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to ensure sound corporate governance and regulatory compliance in banks, financial system stability remains a shared responsibility.
“While the CBN and NDIC continue to strengthen oversight, depositors also have a responsibility to remain vigilant and well-informed,” he said.
E-Financial
Adedeji, NRS Boss says Technology is Crucial to Tax Reform’s Success

Zacch Adedeji, the Executive Chairman of the Nigerian Revenue Service (NRS), has described technology as a crucial factor in the implementation of the new tax laws.

Adedeji stated this while delivering the maiden convocation lecture of the Federal Polytechnic, Ayede, Oyo state.
In a statement by his Technical Assistant on Print Media, Sikiru Akinola, Adedeji listed some of the most fundamental challenges confronting taxation to include infrastructure, skills, trust and resistance.
In the lecture titled, ‘The Role of Technology in Implementing Nigeria’s New Tax Laws: Challenges, Prospects, and Implications for National Development,’ the NRS chairman said each of the challenges would be addressed with the imminent upgrading of the country’s tax system for a digital environment.
He said: “Nigeria has recently enacted a new set of tax laws, representing the most significant restructuring of our nation’s fiscal legislation in 50 years. While public conversation often frames these changes as legal reforms, and that is true, it is also an incomplete picture.
“These laws are not merely changing rates, definitions, or administrative powers. They are quietly redefining how authority operates within the tax system. This is a complete structural overhaul, signalling the end of tax collection as a manual task and the beginning of tax intelligence.
“If you read the new laws carefully, you will notice a subtle but profound assumption woven throughout their fabric. They presuppose the existence of reliable taxpayer identification, integrated data across institutions, traceable transactions, automated processes, and scalable enforcement.
“In other words, these laws are built for a digital environment. They cannot function properly in a manual, fragmented, paper-based system. The implication is clear: without technology, the laws remain aspirational. With technology, they become operational.
“This transition is central to the mandate of the Nigeria Revenue Service as we implement this new legal framework. Historically, tax administration relied heavily on human discretion over who is registered, who is assessed, who is audited and who is penalised.”
The Speaker of the House of Representatives, Tajudeen Abass, encouraged the graduating students to be good ambassadors of the institution.
Represented by AbdulFatai Buhari, the senator representing Oyo North, Abass charged the youths not to relent in their bid to acquire more knowledge.
He also commended the tax boss for leading the change in tax administration in the country.
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