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Big Data: Fraud, Finances

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Financial institutions have been working hard to implement technologies which better protect them and their customers.

Innovations such as chip and PIN have made cards more secure, while the introduction of two-factor authentication has also greatly helped.

However, none of these systems are perfect and fraud levels continue to rise in many countries.

Fortunately this is an area where big data can make a significant difference.

 Fraud detection relies upon the use of both relational data and non-relational data – structured and unstructured data.

 Banks know where our home branch is and they know within a standard range of incidences how often we take out money or use our cards.

They know where we work and the types of transactions we make most commonly. These known quantities form part of the fraud detection process.

 The unpredictability of humans….

But the nature of human beings is that we do not always stick to the path most travelled. Consider a man buying an engagement ring. This is a perfect example of something which many people may only ever do once in their lives.

Looked at in terms of that data point it appears to be an entirely random act.

A man on the hunt for an engagement ring may never even have set foot in a jewellers shop in his life.

He will almost certainly have never spent a month’s wages on a single item of jewellery. In the world of data analysis such screaming anomalies should be cause for concern.

So why are more people not challenged when making this kind of transaction? Because it is incumbent upon banks not to leave us frustrated or without cash in our hour of need.

The man buying an engagement ring may have enough on his mind without having his card declined at the point of sale. For every transaction, a bank or a card issuer is dynamically analysing data and weighing up the risk of fraud.

The key lies of course in big data.

There are many types of data, unrelated even to the individual which can quickly be referenced – in split seconds thanks to the power with which big data is processed – from data relevant to that individual, such as past travel habits, to data relevant to the nature of the suspect transaction.

Patterns of where fraud has been conducted and past behaviours of the rightful card owner are a key element in detecting and predicting fraud, to the extent that diverse frauds can be traced quickly back to specific businesses where a rogue employee may be stealing card numbers or cloning cards.

Banks now have that reservoir of data related to fraudulent activity and quickly assess the likelihood of transactions being suspect.

Back to our hopeful man shopping for an engagement ring, he may go unchallenged because that reservoir of data shows that very few fraudsters try to conduct card fraud in jewellery shops. This may be because of high levels of CCTV coverage in such shops.

…is actually quite predictable

Believe it or not, the apparently unusual purchase of engagement rings is actually fairly predictable. Somebody may never have bought an engagement ring before, but his card issuer may see from his profile that he fits the bill of somebody due to.

A recent mortgage, an increased focus on saving, a second name appearing on a credit card, an expensive holiday in contrast to the budget breaks or golf holidays he has been on with his friends in the past, regular outlay on home furniture which suggests he is setting up home with somebody, a move from a sporadic expenditure on food to a more structured approach which suggests more nights in at home, less time spent in bars, more time in restaurants.

These are all behaviours which become powerful data points in the overall modelling of customer profiles.

He may think his purchase of an engagement ring is extraordinary and a huge step but his bank – or at least the data it holds – may have been able to tell it was coming for some time.

 Ultimately, data has the ability to look at us dispassionately and non-judgmentally. We may think it outrageous that we celebrate a birthday once a year by spending over the odds on dinner at a fancy restaurant we’d never normally visit on any other day of the year.

But if this is something we only do once a year then the data barely needs to be sweated to find an answer as to whether this is fraudulent behaviour.

Once per year may seem occasional to us, or even out of character, because it is at odds to the way we behave on the other 364 days of the year, but the data sees a creature of habit.

It knows it’s our birthday – not least because our date of birth is among the relational data held about us. That fact can easily be linked to any spike in spending on that date.

Even our one-off purchases are almost certainly not as one-off as we think. Most people exercise a degree of financial caution and display behaviours our banks will be able to understand from the data they collect and analyse.

We may only buy one engagement ring in our lives but the money spent on that engagement ring will almost certainly be within a predictable parameter based on our salary, our regular outgoings and the value of our mean and median purchases and the statistical outliers we will have created with purchases such as a car or a house.

All of this means that the vast majority of our spending is reassuringly predictable.

The insights into our behaviour that big data analysis brings about provides a clear benchmark against which fraudulent activity can be rapidly identified and shut down. 

Adebayo Sanni is country director at Oracle

 


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Nigeria CommunicationsWeek believes that technology makes life more exciting and helps improve the lives of people around Nigeria and indeed the world. So since 2007, we have devoted our energy to independent reportage of technology and how they affect lives.

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Telecom

NCC Temporarily Suspends Issuance of New Licenses

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Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) says it has temporarily suspended the issuance of new licenses in some categories.

NCC Temporarily Suspends Issuance of New Licenses

The commission said the categories included interconnect exchange license, mobile virtual network operator license and value added service aggregator license.

Reuben Mouka, director of Public Affairs, NCC,  in a statement in Abuja on Friday, said the commission acted in line with its powers under the Nigerian Communications Act (NCA) 2003.

“This temporary suspension is necessary to enable the commission to conduct a thorough review of several key areas within these categories, including the current level of competition, market saturation and current market dynamics.

“The public is invited to note that during the suspension period commencing on May 17, new application for the aforementioned licenses will not be accepted.

“This is without prejudice to pending applications before the commission will be considered on their merits.

“Any enquiry or clarification in respect of this suspension notice should be forwarded to: [email protected],” NCC said.

 

 

 

 


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E-Financial

Crypto Exchanges Begin Delisting Naira from P2P Platforms- SEC

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Crypto exchanges have commenced delisting of the Naira from Peer-to-Peer (P2P) trading platforms, following directives of the Office of the National Security Adviser and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Crypto Exchanges Begin Delisting Naira from P2P Platforms- SEC

P2P trading in the realm of cryptos is a decentralized method that allows individuals to buy and sell digital assets directly with one another.

In this system, P2P trading platforms serve as intermediaries, facilitating secure and trust-based transactions.

SEC explained that its checks have indicated that the Naira has been removed as a fiat currency option for transactions on KuCoin platform and the exchange has already begun the necessary adjustments to its technology to accommodate the delisting of the Naira as soon as practicable.

It explained that the removal of the Naira from the platforms limits the ability to manipulate the exchange rates against the Nigerian currency which is expected to further strengthen the value of the naira.

Dr. Emomotimi Agama, acting director general of SEC, reacting to the delisting by KuCoin, expressed delight that the crypto exchanges were heeding the directives of ONSA and SEC, describing it as a welcome development.

He stated: “We are happy that they have started complying with the directives by the ONSA.  We ask that those involved in sharp practices that undermine national interest should cease and desist. It is in our interest as a people to protect what belongs to us.  Anyone that disobeys directives should be ready to face the full weight of the law”.

Agama added that as the apex regulator of the capital market, “SEC is co-operating  with the Office of the National Security Adviser, the  Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and other relevant agencies to achieve the national objective of making sure that illegality is not allowed to thrive”.

 

 

 


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TI-Nigeria Boss Alleges Nigerian Banks Offer Opportunities for Terrorism Tinancing

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Awual Rafsanjani, executive director, Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre (CISLAC) and head,  Transparency International in Nigeria (TI-Nigeria), has accused banks of offering opportunities for terrorism financing in the country.

TI-Nigeria Boss Alleges Nigerian Banks Offer Opportunities for Terrorism Tinancing

Rafsanjani, stated this at the multi-stakeholder meeting on terrorism financing and violent extremism in the North-East, organised by CISLAC and TI-Nigeria, financed by GIABA-ECOWAS.

According to Rafsanjani, “The financial sector has been exploited for terrorism financing. The use of the financial sector indicates the increasing capabilities of some terrorist groups. These include the Bureau de Change operators, Point of Sale (POS) devices, wire transfers, and Designated Non-Financial Businesses and Professions, among other enabling platforms expanding the scope and depth of terrorism financing.

“It is worrisome that illegal money exchangers including Bureau De Change have been featured in several Terrorism Financing investigations. The 2022 National Inherent Risk Assessment of Terrorism Financing report reveals that between 2019 and 2022, about 19 companies were linked to illegal money exchangers who have used their companies to commingle funds considered to be linked to Terrorism Financing.”

In his goodwill message, Ola Olukoyede, chairman, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC)  said that the commission is settling for the use of technology to combat illicit flow of monies into the hands of terrorists.

Olukoyede expressed worry over the dimension terrorism financing has taken, disclosing that the EFCC has discovered platforms other than Binance, which are being used for terrorism financing, saying over a thousand of such accounts were closed.

He said: “The challenge before us is to seek solutions to end this decade-long nightmare and restore order to the troubled region. The quest for a solution is not entirely new. Several conferences and workshops have been convoked, yet the situation remains dire.

“For us in the EFCC, like most Nigerians, the concern is on how this crisis continues to defy solutions and fester? How is it that the terrorist groups in the region are able to sustain their operations, acquire more sophisticated weaponry and engage in daring combat with the Nigerian military?

“It would seem that an economy of criminality has developed around terrorism and violent extremism in the region, where actors who are profiting from the chaos do not cherish the return of civil order. How for instance do we explain the activities of supposed non-profit organisations who profess to want to provide succor to the distressed but end up exploiting their misery for financial gains?

“How do we explain the action of unscrupulous actors who hide under the cover of humanitarian activities to fund terrorist groups? These are issues that we must continue to interrogate.

“The EFCC has had cause to prosecute so-called promoters of non-profit organisation who exploited the desperate conditions in the North-East to profiteer. I am sure many of you are aware of a lady that is called Mama Boko Haram, who at the peak of the insurgency positioned herself as a credible intermediary for the insurgents, but is now in jail for exploiting the distressed citizens of the North-East for personal gain.

“Part of the focus of the EFCC in the quest to tackle terrorism and violent extremism in that region is to follow the funds trail of critical actors in the region and cutting off the supply line of illicit funds to known criminal groups. This responsibility has seen the Commission pay more attention to the movement of funds by NPOs in the region, who are now required to make a declaration to the EFCC.

“Some of our discoveries recently into investigating some of these platforms was mind bugging, and we thought Binance was a major one, yes a major one and we are prosecuting them but much more, other platforms we have discovered, of course you are aware that EFCC has to freeze over a thousand account, and it will shock you what some of those accounts are used for, and some of them are used to fund terrorism activities.

“You can imagine the dimension the whole problem is taking and so, it is important for us to adopt the use of technology, and that is what we are going to do to see how we can adopt technology to be able to track every Naira,” he said.

Also, in a goodwill speech, Dr Musa Aliyu, SAN, chairman, Independent Corrupt Practices and other related Offences Commission, (ICPC), said, “ICPC is fully committed to contributing its expertise and resources to this fight. We are prepared to intensify our efforts in financial oversight, enhance our investigative and prosecutorial capacities, and work closely with all stakeholders to disrupt the financial networks that fuel terrorism.”

 

 


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