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How Nigerian Banks Built a N219 Trillion Asset Empire on Depositors’ Funds

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By Blaise Udunze

In the first quarter of 2025, Nigeria’s 10 largest banks proudly reported a combined total asset base of N218.99 trillion, up from N212.75 trillion at the end of 2024, according to a report by Nairametrics published on May 19, 2025.

On paper, it looked like a victory as evidence that the sector remains robust despite inflationary headwinds, exchange rate volatility, and a struggling real economy. But beneath that glossy narrative lies a deeper, more uncomfortable truth that reveals Nigeria’s asset boom is not driven by innovation, real-sector productivity, or capital efficiency; rather, it is fueled largely by customer deposits and balance-sheet inflation.

According to data from the banks’ own filings, about N164.7 trillion, representing roughly 75.2 percent of the N218.99 trillion total asset base, came directly from customers’ deposits. In plain terms, three-quarters of the industry’s celebrated “assets” are actually liabilities owed to the public, which are deposits that banks temporarily hold, not capital they generated or invested productively.

Bank Customer Deposits (N Trillion)

Access Holdings / Access Bank 38.8655

Ecobank (Group) 33.2080

Zenith Bank 22.6818

United Bank for Africa (UBA) 25.6500

FBN Holdings / FirstBank Group 17.2699

GTCO (Guaranty Trust) 10.8923

Fidelity Bank 6.5990

FCMB Group 4.1254

Stanbic IBTC 3.0456

Wema Bank 2.4096

Total N164.75 trillion

This dependency on depositors’ funds reveals a system that looks rich in assets but is, in essence, shallow in innovation and weak in capital depth. At first glance, the growth appears dramatic, with the sector’s total assets jumping from N170.02 trillion in 2024, representing a 39.6 percent year-on-year rise, to nearly N219 trillion by Q1 2025. Yet, this “growth” is misleading. Much of it stems not from new value creation but from naira devaluation adjustments, inflationary expansion, and paper gains on government securities.

Banks are becoming bigger on paper, not stronger in impact. The so-called asset expansion has not translated into more affordable credit for manufacturers, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), or agribusinesses. Instead, it reflects a financial system more comfortable with passive wealth storage than active economic stimulation.

In simpler terms, Nigeria’s banks are becoming richer without making the economy stronger. Their balance sheets have ballooned, but their capital efficiency, which represents the ability to convert deposits into productive loans, remains weak.

The false appearance of size becomes even more striking when placed in a continental context. As of June 30, 2025, Standard Bank Group of South Africa, Africa’s largest financial institution, reported total assets of R3.4 trillion, equivalent to $191.8 billion. At Nigeria’s prevailing exchange rate of N1,484.50 to $1, that translates to approximately $191.8 billion × N1,484.50 = N284,983 trillion, or roughly N285 trillion. That means a single South African bank now outvalues the entire Nigerian banking industry, whose 10 largest lenders collectively hold N218.99 trillion in assets.

The comparison is humbling. It highlights how Nigeria’s asset numbers, while massive in naira terms, shrink dramatically when viewed through a global lens. While Standard Bank’s strength stems from robust capitalization, efficient risk management, diversified income streams, and strong regional investments, Nigerian banks remain largely driven by deposit inflows, short-term instruments, and FX revaluation surges.

Moreover, the disconnect between banking prosperity and economic stagnation is becoming impossible to ignore. Despite N219 trillion sitting on bank balance sheets, access to credit for manufacturers, small businesses, and startups remains prohibitively difficult. Lending rates are high, collateral demands are steep, and real-sector credit continues to shrink as a share of GDP. Manufacturing’s contribution to GDP remains in low single digits, private sector credit lags behind African peers, and inflation continues to erode the value of naira-denominated deposits. The banks’ “assets” may rise, but they are paper assets, not productive capital, rather figures that comfort shareholders but fail to transform society.

A banking system overly reliant on deposits is inherently fragile. Deposits are short-term and confidence-sensitive and can flee quickly during periods of policy uncertainty. Unlike equity or long-term capital, they offer little cushion against shocks. This overdependence creates an illusion of liquidity but hides structural weakness. Nigeria’s banks may look stable, but their foundations are vulnerable, just like a tower built on shifting sands of depositor confidence rather than the rock of sustainable capital formation.

For Nigeria’s regulators, analysts, and policymakers, the question is no longer how large the banks’ assets appear, but what those assets are doing for the economy. True strength must come from innovation in financial intermediation, capital efficiency, and credit diversification; support for real-sector growth; and regional competitiveness on the African and global stage.

Until Nigerian banks start to convert deposits into genuine development by funding infrastructure, technology, and enterprise, the industry’s trillion-naira balance sheets will remain a false hope of progress without prosperity. Nigeria’s N219 trillion banking booms may glitter, but it is a reflection of financial inflation, not economic transformation. When one South African bank commands more assets than the entire Nigerian industry combined, it is not just a comparison; it is a revelation.

It reveals how far Nigeria must go to move from deposit dependency to capital creation, from paper prosperity to real productivity, and from illusory balance sheet growth to genuine economic strength. Until that shift happens, Nigeria’s banking system will remain what it is today as a trillion-naira illusion shimmering over a weak economic base.

Blaise, a journalist and PR professional writes from Lagos, can be reached via: [email protected]


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E-Financial

FG Signs MoU with ICAN, CIBN, Others to Train 10m Nigerians in Financial Literacy

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The Federal Government of Nigeria has flagged off a free nationwide training of 10 million Nigerians on financial inclusion and literacy.

This is just as Vice-President Kashim Shettima has said Nigeria can reap bountifully from its demographic dividend only if young Nigerians and women are equipped with the needed skills and ethical grounding required for a speedily progressing digital economy.

The training undertaken by the Office of the Vice-President through the Presidential Committee on Economic & Financial Inclusion (PreCEFI), chaired by Vice-President Shettima, is designed to equip Nigerians, particularly women and youths, with essential financial skills, investment knowledge, and digital competencies for sustainable wealth creation.

Accordingly, the Office of the vice-president, through the PreCEFI, signed a  Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with six professional bodies to jointly design training programmes, certification pathways, digital skills initiatives, and mentorship platforms that would strengthen Nigeria’s financial and enterprise workforce.

The professional bodies include the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN); Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria (CIBN); Chartered Institute of Stockbrokers (CIS); National Institute of Credit Administration (NICA); Chartered Risk Management Institute (CRMI) and Nigeria Institute of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (NIIE).

Speaking while officially flagging off the free nationwide training of 10 million Nigerians, on behalf of President Bola Tinubu at the State House, Abuja, the vice-president noted that the signing of the MoU between the Federal Government and six of Nigeria’s foremost professional bodies was more than a formal agreement.

“It is a strategic national investment in capacity as infrastructure which is the human, institutional and ethical foundations upon which inclusive growth must rest,” he stated.

Shettima noted that the Aso Accord on Economic and Financial Inclusion, which the PreCEFI is mandated to implement, recognises the fact that “financial inclusion is not achieved by access alone, but by competence, trust and capability”.

According to him, the nation “cannot build a one-trillion-dollar economy on weak skills, fragmented standards, or disconnected professional ecosystems”.

He said: “This MoU therefore establishes a working framework to harness the collective expertise of ICAN, CIBN, CIS, CRMI, NICA, and NIIE to advance inclusion through capacity building, advocacy, digital transformation, youth empowerment and support for small and medium practitioners.

“It establishes a structured mechanism for joint training programmes, policy dialogue, digital skills development, and professional standards that align market practice with national inclusion goals.”

The vice-president pointed out that while capacity building is financial inclusion, “without accountants who understand MSME formalisation, credit administrators who can assess risk beyond collateral, bankers who embed consumer protection, risk professionals who anticipate digital threats, and innovators who translate ideas into enterprises, inclusion remains a slogan rather than a system”.

Maintaining that the training programme must prioritise young Nigerians and women, Shettima said: “Importantly, this collaboration prioritises women and youth inclusion and digital transformation, recognising that Nigeria’s demographic dividend will only materialise if young people are equipped with relevant skills and ethical grounding for a fast-evolving digital economy.”

He charged the PreCEFI and the professional bodies not to treat the MoU as a mere document, but as a living platform for execution.

“Accordingly, on behalf of President Bola Tinubu, I hereby flag off the free training of 10 million Nigerians with priority for women and youth across the country,” Shettima declared.

Earlier, President of ICAN, Mallam Haruna Yahaya, applauded the administration of President Tinubu for its bold economic reforms that has culminated in the flag off of the financial inclusion free training programme for 10 million women and youths in Nigeria.

He said the decision to embark on the project was prompted by visible improvements in the economy as a result of the gains of the Federal Government’s policy reforms.

Yahaya assured the vice-president of their professional support in the realisation of set objectives, describing their involvement in the project as an institutional honour.

On his part, the CEO of WAWU Africa, the technical partners in the programme, Mr Emmanuel Lennox, assured the Federal Government of the company’s readiness to deliver on the project, particularly in providing the digital platform and overall enabling environment for its success.

Also, explaining why the training of 10 million Nigerians on financial inclusion had become necessary, the Technical Adviser to the President on Economic and Financial Inclusion, Dr. Nurudeen Abubakar Zauro, said: “Exclusion is not only by lack of access, but by limited skills, weak institutional capacity, and insufficient professional support.

“Consequently, financial inclusion is not achieved by infrastructure alone; it is achieved when people and institutions are equipped to use that infrastructure responsibly, productively, and sustainably.”

The high point of the event was the signing of the MoU for the capacity building programme by the Federal Government and the six professional bodies.


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Accidental Billionaire Opts for Jail Instead of Returning Money Credited Him by Mistake

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A Nigerian man has gone viral after he chose to spend a year in prison after spending part of N1.5 billion that was accidentally sent to him.

Accidental Billionaire Opts for Jail Instead of Returning Money Credited Him by Mistake

If you’ve ever had money accidentally drop into an account, be it a bank account, savings, or even PayPal, it can cause a fair amount of stress.

You’re better off returning it than holding onto it.

However, Ojo Eghosa Kingsley decided to spend the money after it dropped into his account.

Kingsley, however, didn’t just receive a small chunk of change.

According to the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), he received N1.5 billion into his account, which is around $1.1 million dollars.

As per the police’s report, the money had been split into different accounts, some in the name of Kingsley himself, and others belonging to his mother and sister.

After entering a guilty plea, he was offered a one-year prison sentence or a fine of N5 million – around $35,000.

Kingsley chose to spend a year in prison over the erroneously accredited money, also promising to “be of good behaviour going forward.” He was ultimately charged with “one count of bordering on stealing” by the EFCC.

He was also ordered to return the money, in which prosecutors noted that he had spent some of it already – as well as transferring it through different accounts.

The bank had managed to recover almost the full amount, save for a few thousand Naira.

Kingsley’s story has gone viral on social media, with many jokingly agreeing that they’d do the same thing if such a large sum ended up in their bank account.

Credit: ww.dexerto.com


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SEC Warns of Potential Ponzi-style Risks in AURUM BOT, ModMount

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Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has issued warnings regarding the activities of AURUM BOT and ModMount Services Limited.

The apex regulator of the capital market flagged both entities for operating without the necessary legal licenses and for exhibiting high-risk characteristics typically associated with fraudulent Ponzi schemes.

This SEC’s newest move in 2026 is part of the regulator’s broader crackdown on unregistered digital asset platforms that lure retail investors through social media with promises of “guaranteed” or “unrealistically high” returns.

In separate statements, the SEC said its attention has been drawn to the activities of AURUM BOT, “which presents itself as an investment platform dealing with cryptocurrency in Nigeria.”

The Commission reiterated that transacting in the Nigerian Capital Market with unregistered and unregulated entities exposes investors to financial risk, including fraud and potential loss of investment.

“The Commission hereby informs the public that AURUM BOT is not registered or licenced by the Commission to either solicit investments from the public or operate in any capacity within the Nigerian capital market”.

“Investigations have revealed that AURUM BOT has been actively promoted on social media platforms and online forums. Furthermore, its operations exhibit characteristics commonly associated with fraudulent Ponzi schemes,” SEC said.

SEC advises the public to refrain from investing with AURUM BOT in respect of any business pertaining or relating to the Nigerian capital market “as any investment activity carried out by them in Nigeria is illegal, and any person who engages with the platform does so at his/her own risk”.

Also, the SEC said its attention has been drawn to the activities of an online investment platform known as ModMount Services Limited, “which holds itself out as a financial services provider and Contract for Difference (CFD) broker offering investment opportunities in forex, stocks, indices, commodities, and cryptocurrencies”.

According to SEC, “Investigations by the Commission have revealed that the operators of ModMount Services Limited claim that the company is incorporated in Seychelles and authorised by the Financial Services Authority (FSA) of Seychelles.

“In addition, the entity solicits funds from members of the Nigerian public and encourages investors to remit monies through bank accounts domiciled in Nigeria. The Commission has also received information indicating complaints of withdrawal difficulties, aggressive solicitation practices, and other conducts inconsistent with fair market practices,” SEC noted.

SEC said that ModMount Services Limited is not registered or licensed by the Commission to either solicit investments from the public or operate in any capacity within the Nigerian capital market.

“Accordingly, the public is advised to refrain from investing with ModMount Services Limited in respect of any business pertaining or relating to the Nigerian capital market as any investment activity carried out in Nigeria is illegal, and any person who engages with the entity or its representatives does so at his/her own risk,” SEC noted.

 


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