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How Nigerian Banks Built a N219 Trillion Asset Empire on Depositors’ Funds

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By Blaise Udunze

In the first quarter of 2025, Nigeria’s 10 largest banks proudly reported a combined total asset base of N218.99 trillion, up from N212.75 trillion at the end of 2024, according to a report by Nairametrics published on May 19, 2025.

On paper, it looked like a victory as evidence that the sector remains robust despite inflationary headwinds, exchange rate volatility, and a struggling real economy. But beneath that glossy narrative lies a deeper, more uncomfortable truth that reveals Nigeria’s asset boom is not driven by innovation, real-sector productivity, or capital efficiency; rather, it is fueled largely by customer deposits and balance-sheet inflation.

According to data from the banks’ own filings, about N164.7 trillion, representing roughly 75.2 percent of the N218.99 trillion total asset base, came directly from customers’ deposits. In plain terms, three-quarters of the industry’s celebrated “assets” are actually liabilities owed to the public, which are deposits that banks temporarily hold, not capital they generated or invested productively.

Bank Customer Deposits (N Trillion)

Access Holdings / Access Bank 38.8655

Ecobank (Group) 33.2080

Zenith Bank 22.6818

United Bank for Africa (UBA) 25.6500

FBN Holdings / FirstBank Group 17.2699

GTCO (Guaranty Trust) 10.8923

Fidelity Bank 6.5990

FCMB Group 4.1254

Stanbic IBTC 3.0456

Wema Bank 2.4096

Total N164.75 trillion

This dependency on depositors’ funds reveals a system that looks rich in assets but is, in essence, shallow in innovation and weak in capital depth. At first glance, the growth appears dramatic, with the sector’s total assets jumping from N170.02 trillion in 2024, representing a 39.6 percent year-on-year rise, to nearly N219 trillion by Q1 2025. Yet, this “growth” is misleading. Much of it stems not from new value creation but from naira devaluation adjustments, inflationary expansion, and paper gains on government securities.

Banks are becoming bigger on paper, not stronger in impact. The so-called asset expansion has not translated into more affordable credit for manufacturers, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), or agribusinesses. Instead, it reflects a financial system more comfortable with passive wealth storage than active economic stimulation.

In simpler terms, Nigeria’s banks are becoming richer without making the economy stronger. Their balance sheets have ballooned, but their capital efficiency, which represents the ability to convert deposits into productive loans, remains weak.

The false appearance of size becomes even more striking when placed in a continental context. As of June 30, 2025, Standard Bank Group of South Africa, Africa’s largest financial institution, reported total assets of R3.4 trillion, equivalent to $191.8 billion. At Nigeria’s prevailing exchange rate of N1,484.50 to $1, that translates to approximately $191.8 billion × N1,484.50 = N284,983 trillion, or roughly N285 trillion. That means a single South African bank now outvalues the entire Nigerian banking industry, whose 10 largest lenders collectively hold N218.99 trillion in assets.

The comparison is humbling. It highlights how Nigeria’s asset numbers, while massive in naira terms, shrink dramatically when viewed through a global lens. While Standard Bank’s strength stems from robust capitalization, efficient risk management, diversified income streams, and strong regional investments, Nigerian banks remain largely driven by deposit inflows, short-term instruments, and FX revaluation surges.

Moreover, the disconnect between banking prosperity and economic stagnation is becoming impossible to ignore. Despite N219 trillion sitting on bank balance sheets, access to credit for manufacturers, small businesses, and startups remains prohibitively difficult. Lending rates are high, collateral demands are steep, and real-sector credit continues to shrink as a share of GDP. Manufacturing’s contribution to GDP remains in low single digits, private sector credit lags behind African peers, and inflation continues to erode the value of naira-denominated deposits. The banks’ “assets” may rise, but they are paper assets, not productive capital, rather figures that comfort shareholders but fail to transform society.

A banking system overly reliant on deposits is inherently fragile. Deposits are short-term and confidence-sensitive and can flee quickly during periods of policy uncertainty. Unlike equity or long-term capital, they offer little cushion against shocks. This overdependence creates an illusion of liquidity but hides structural weakness. Nigeria’s banks may look stable, but their foundations are vulnerable, just like a tower built on shifting sands of depositor confidence rather than the rock of sustainable capital formation.

For Nigeria’s regulators, analysts, and policymakers, the question is no longer how large the banks’ assets appear, but what those assets are doing for the economy. True strength must come from innovation in financial intermediation, capital efficiency, and credit diversification; support for real-sector growth; and regional competitiveness on the African and global stage.

Until Nigerian banks start to convert deposits into genuine development by funding infrastructure, technology, and enterprise, the industry’s trillion-naira balance sheets will remain a false hope of progress without prosperity. Nigeria’s N219 trillion banking booms may glitter, but it is a reflection of financial inflation, not economic transformation. When one South African bank commands more assets than the entire Nigerian industry combined, it is not just a comparison; it is a revelation.

It reveals how far Nigeria must go to move from deposit dependency to capital creation, from paper prosperity to real productivity, and from illusory balance sheet growth to genuine economic strength. Until that shift happens, Nigeria’s banking system will remain what it is today as a trillion-naira illusion shimmering over a weak economic base.

Blaise, a journalist and PR professional writes from Lagos, can be reached via: [email protected]


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E-Financial

Access Bank Warns Nigerians against Fake WhatsApp Investment Groups using Aig-Imoukhuede’s Identity

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Access Bank has said that scammers are impersonating, Aigboje Aig-Imoukhuede, former group chairman, with fraudulent WhatsApp investment groups and warned Nigerians to avoid and report groups.

Access Bank Warns Nigerians against Fake WhatsApp Investment Groups using Aig-Imoukhuede’s Identity

The fake WhatsApp investment groups masquerading under the name “Value Growth Club,” lure unsuspecting members of the public into investment schemes.

In a public disclaimer issued yesterday, the bank said the fraudsters were falsely presenting themselves as associates of Aig-Imoukhuede and linking his name to Gotham Capital in a calculated bid to lend credibility to the scam.

Access Bank said checks had confirmed that Aig-Imoukhuede has no affiliation whatsoever with the WhatsApp groups or any related investment platform, stressing that the respected banker neither created, endorsed, nor authorised any initiative known as “Value Growth Club.”

The lender emphatically stated that its former chairman was not involved in any WhatsApp-based investment competition, trading group, or financial initiative tied to Gotham Capital or any similar entity, and described the representations as false, misleading, and fraudulent.

It urged members of the public not to join the groups, or send money, or disclose personal or financial information to anyone claiming to be associated with the purported platform.

The bank also advised individuals who may have encountered the groups to exit immediately, report the accounts through appropriate channels, and ignore further contact from the operators.

The warning comes amid heightened regulatory concern over the proliferation of digital investment scams in Nigeria.

Earlier this year, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) similarly flagged the Value Growth Platform, warning that the entity displayed characteristics consistent with a Ponzi-style operation.

The commission said the platform had portrayed itself as a sophisticated investment service offering market intelligence, portfolio guidance, and third-party trading services, but investigations showed that its claims were misleading and potentially unlawful.


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Tax Ombudsman Sets 30-Day Limit for Settlement of Tax Disputes

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John Nwabueze, chief executive officer, Tax Ombudsman, has assured Nigerians that complaints relating to taxes, levies, and regulatory charges will be resolved within 14 to 30 days.

Tax Ombudsman Sets 30-Day Limit for Settlement of Tax Disputes

John Nwabueze, chief executive officer, Tax Ombudsman,

Nwabueze made this known while addressing journalists at a breakfast meeting in Lagos, noting that the timeline is in line with the provisions of the Joint Revenue Board of Nigeria (Establishment) Act, 2025.

He explained that the Tax Ombudsman was established as an independent and impartial body to resolve disputes between taxpayers and tax authorities, while also safeguarding taxpayer rights and promoting fairness and transparency in tax administration.

“We will ensure we keep to that timeline of between 14 to 30 days that the law stipulates. We will work with all authorities concerned to dispose of complaints in a timely manner,” he said.

Nwabueze urged journalists to play an active role in educating the public on the functions of the Office of the Tax Ombud, particularly on how taxpayers can file complaints and obtain redress at no cost.

To enhance accessibility, he disclosed that the Office is set to launch a website and a toll-free call centre, aimed at making its services more reachable to Nigerians.

According to him, the establishment of the Office provides a new platform for citizens to actively engage in the nation’s economic development, while strengthening confidence in the tax system.

He noted that the initiative reflects Nigeria’s commitment to building a modern, people-focused tax system that balances revenue generation with justice and due process.

The Ombudsman added that a fair, responsive, and transparent tax system is critical to encouraging voluntary compliance and fostering public trust.

Nwabueze commended His Excellency, President Bola Tinubu, for leading a transformative tax reforms that are rooted in fairness, inclusiveness, and sustainability for revenue growth and economic prosperity adding that at the core of the reforms” lies a renewed social contract, one in which taxpayers are not passive partakers, but active partners in nation-building”.

Further, the Tax Ombud acknowledged Mr. Taiwo Oyedele, minister of Finance and Coordinating minister of the Economy, for his leadership in the reform process.

Nwabueze explained that his Office neither “determines tax liability, nor has it replaced the courts or the Tax Appeal Tribunal” but was rather established to ensure that tax administration is conducted in a fair, transparent, and accountable manner.

He added that beyond dispute resolution, the Office of the Tax Ombud plays a systemic role in identifying recurring issues in tax and revenue administration and recommending reforms to improve efficiency, fairness, and transparency.


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Meet Top Five Tech-Driven Banks and Their Overseers

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With the rapid rate of technological change and shifting customer demands, financial institutions in Nigeria have been looking to keep up with innovation and modernise their technology.

Meet Top Five Tech-Driven Banks and Their Overseers

Nigeira CommunicatiosWeek in this report evaluates top five money deposit banks that have successfully integrated technology to enhance customer experience.

This is based on 2025 and early 2026 industry reports, ranks in no particular order.

Despite variations in size and market, these bank share a foundational set of core characteristics and technologies designed to ensure stability, security, and real-time functionality.

First Bank

First Bank of Nigeria leverages technology to drive digital transformation through its FirstMobile app, *894# USSD banking, and automated Digital Xperience Centres (DXC) featuring humanoid robots, AI, and self-service kiosks.

With over 80 percent of transactions handled digitally, the bank focuses on AI-driven customer support, secure card issuance in under three minutes, and cloud-based ERP.

The bank has heavily invested in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to transition from a traditional institution into a leading digital bank, adopting the mantra “a tech company offering banking services”.

According to a FirstBank leadership report, Callistus Obetta, group executive, technology, Digital Innovation & Services, is overseeing the bank’s IT operations.

He joined First Bank in 2016 from Standard Chartered Bank.

In his role at First Bank, he has overall responsibility for strategy formulation and leading the team charged with transforming and operating the technology platforms and banking services that power the bank and its subsidiaries.

Zenith Bank

Another heavy investor in technology is Zenith Bank and driving its digital banking, focusing on AI, cybersecurity, and fintech innovation through its annual Tech Fair and Zecathon, with a recent major IT infrastructure upgrade improving service delivery.

Key digital solutions include the *966# E-banking service, a mobile app, and the XPath digital platform.

The bank has recently completed a significant IT infrastructure migration to a new, more robust operating system to enhance service quality.

Zenith Bank offers XPath for digitizing payment collection across branches.

The bank is currently overhauling its core banking systems, implementing software from providers like Misys to modernize frontend and backend operations across its African and UK branches.

Akin Ogunranti leads the Bank’s technology group, digital transformation, and strategic technology initiatives.

Ogunranti is a seasoned banker with over 30 years of experience, joining Zenith Bank in 2004.

He previously managed the Bank’s relationships with Multilateral Institutions and Export Credit Agencies, and served as Group Head for Power & Infrastructure, Oil & Gas, and Structured Trade & Project Finance.

He currently oversees Corporate Banking, Oil & Gas, and the Bank’s Business portfolios across Lagos (Public Sector, Apapa, Isolo and Ilupeju), South-West, and South-South regions.m

Fidelity Bank

Fidelity Bank leverages digital technology to enhance banking convenience, offering solutions like Cardless ATM withdrawals, the *770# instant banking code, and the Ivy AI chatbot.

Their technology stack includes secured online banking, NQR scan-to-pay, and advanced digital tools for SME management and corporate credit lending.

Fidelity Online Banking and a Mobile App are top notches as they  support NQR scan-to-pay.

The *770# Instant Banking service works on all phones without data.

The bank also offers Virtus for real-time transaction monitoring and Corporate Online Banking (CONB) for bulk payments.

Fidelity utilizes SSL encryption, token technology, and adheres to ISO 27001 and PCIDSS security standards.

With mobile technology and AI-driven solutions, Fidelity Bank provides cost-effective financial access to both banked and unbanked customers.

Stanley Chiedoziem Amuchie, Executive Director, Chief Operations and Information Officer is leading the Bank’s IT operations.

Amuchie holds a record of impressive multi- functional work experience spanning banking, audit, risk management, corporate governance, quality control, operations and information technology, strategy, financial control, business and financial advisory, accounting, general management, business development and consulting, with over 23 years of experience in the banking and financial services industry.

He joined Zenith Bank Plc and enjoyed a distinguished career spanning over 18 years which culminated in his appointment as Group Chief Financial Officer in July 2015 and Group Zonal Head in June 2018, a position he held until his exit in October 2018.

While at Zenith Bank, Stanley also served as a Non-Executive Director on the Boards of Zenith Trustees Limited, Zenith Bureau De Change Limited, Zenith Nominees Limited and was Chairman of the Board of Directors of Zenith Securities Limited.

Between April 2019 and February 2021, Stanley was Chief Technical Consultant at Mint Financial Technologies Limited (now Mintyn Bank, a digital bank).

United Bank for Africa

United Bank for Africa (UBA) also leverages technology to drive digital banking across 20 African countries and globally, serving over 45 million customers.

Key technology banking services include the UBA Mobile App, Leo AI Chatbot, and *919# USSD banking, enabling account opening, transfers, bill payments, and loans.

UBA focuses on Fintech partnerships to enhance AI-powered customer engagement and digital payments.

UBA prioritizes collaborations with fintech companies to accelerate financial inclusion and enhance digital payment infrastructure.

Emmanuel Lamptey is the key executive overseeing technology and digital transformation at UBA.

Lamptey, who serves as the Executive Director, Digital Banking, has 25 years of experience in retail banking, corporate banking, asset management, brokerage, insurance, and microfinance.

His background allows him to combine financial expertise with a digital vision.

TAJBank

TAJBank is a leading Nigerian non-interest (Islamic) bank leveraging technology for digital banking, featuring the TAJWAY app for secure, 24/7 transactions.

The bank uses the SBS Core Amplitude Up banking platform for seamless digital services, including account opening, instant transfers, bills payment, and agency banking.

It offers secure, user-friendly app offering card management, budget planning, and high-frequency transfers available on the App Store and Google Play.

Customers can open accounts through the app or website without visiting a branch.

Its offers USSD Banking and *898# code for mobile transactions can be donewithout internet connectivity.

TAJBank’s technological focus supports its goal of being a leading digital non-interest bank in Nigeria by providing seamless, ethical banking solutions.

Sherif Idi, Co-Founder/Executive Director, is actively involved in the bank’s operational trajectory and growth, often commenting on the bank’s investment in technology, human capital, and expansion strategies.

He oversee the bank’s growth-driven, tech-enabled, and innovative initiatives.

With 21 years career experience in the banking sector, Idi has worked in every unit of banking, from operations manager to marketing and customer service, risk management, branch manager and group head, carving a niche for himself.

 


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