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Nigerian Banks and the Culture of Concealment: How Financial Results Are Being Cooked to Hide Losses

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In Nigeria’s banking industry, profit has become more a press release than a performance. Every results season, the same storyline plays out with record profits, rising assets, and promises of “strong fundamentals.” Yet, beneath the eye-catching headlines lies a quiet deception of a pattern of accounting charades aimed at repressing the true picture of reality and skyrocketing success.

An analysis of the 2025 half-year results from ten leading financial institutions like Zenith Bank, GTCO, UBA, First HoldCo, Access Holdings, Stanbic IBTC, Wema Bank, FCMB Group, Sterling HoldCo, and Jaiz Bank exposed a pervasive culture of concealment. What the market is celebrating as a season of extraordinary profitability is, in truth, a story of concealed losses, revalued deceptions, and selective disclosure.

Zenith Bank reported a pre-tax profit of N625.6 billion, yet its trading gains fell by N328 billion and credit impairments jumped 83 percent. GTCO, the self-proclaimed profit leader, showed N900.8 billion in pre-tax earnings, but once last year’s N523 billion one-off fair-value gain is removed, actual profit declined by 26 percent. UBA’s earnings were flattered by revaluations, while its interest expenses exploded from N328.9 billion to N560.6 billion. Its trading desk flipped from a N98 billion gain to a N10 billion loss, forcing a drastic cut in interim dividends.

First Bank HoldCo’s books told their own story that despite higher revenues, pre-tax profit fell due to a N486 billion collapse in trading income from a N432 billion gain in 2024 to a N53.7 billion loss in 2025. Impairments doubled to N185 billion as the bank exited CBN’s forbearance regime, revealing losses long deferred. Access Holdings reported N2.5 trillion in gross earnings, but its statement of comprehensive income disclosed a N62.4 billion loss to shareholders driven by N155.9 billion in forex translation losses and N74.4 billion in fair-value write-downs. Profit at the top, destruction of value at the bottom.

Stanbic IBTC’s growth was buoyed by asset sales, not sustainable income. Wema Bank’s celebrated 229 percent profit surge rested on a fragile base: interest expenses rose 34 percent, while impairment charges remained suspiciously light at just N532 million. FCMB Group’s digital-era optimism could not hide the 35 percent slump in non-interest income following the loss of revaluation gains, or the N36.2 billion impairment that followed once regulatory leniency expired. Sterling HoldCo trumpeted a 157 percent jump in profit, which looks less impressive when you realise it was achieved in the shadow of a N100 billion recapitalization. The group admits it still needs N53 billion more to meet regulatory capital. Meanwhile, its cost-to-income ratio remains a heavy 64.5 percent, and non-performing loans hover above the 5 percent prudential threshold.

Jaiz Bank, meanwhile, announced N14.45 billion in profit, but its total assets shrank by N100 billion, and its operational cash flow swung from a N428 billion inflow to a N119 billion outflow with profit on paper and erosion in practice.

Behind the curtain of impressive numbers, a silent manipulation is taking place. Creative accounting, selective disclosures, and reclassification tricks have become tools in the bankers’ art of survival.

Insiders in the banking sector admit, off the record, that “results management” has become a normalised practice. The strategy is simple as in where the true numbers would reveal losses or mounting risk, the presentation is massaged to reflect strength. Loss-making subsidiaries are quietly merged into group accounts where their poor performance is diluted. Bad loans are reclassified as “restructured assets” or shifted into special-purpose vehicles that sit conveniently off the parent bank’s main balance sheet.

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) bears part of the responsibility. In recent years, its supervision appears more reactive than proactive. While the apex bank routinely sanctions banks for minor customer-service infractions, it has been slow to demand full disclosure on FX exposures, hidden losses, or aggressive revaluations. Transparency is not a threat to stability; it is its foundation. A banking system that hides its weaknesses under glossy financial statements is like a house built on borrowed sand.

The real problem facing Nigerian banking today is not liquidity or profitability; it is credibility. When numbers are manipulated, when press releases are crafted to deceive, and when regulators turn a blind eye, the trust that underpins the entire financial system begins to erode. Depositors no longer believe in transparency. Investors no longer trust the data. Even genuine success stories are viewed with suspicion.

For too long, the industry has mistaken perception for progress. Banks inflate interest income in a high-rate environment, then bury the cost of risk in footnotes. They celebrate foreign-exchange gains in one year and quietly dismiss translation losses the next. They rely on regulatory forbearance to delay recognition of bad loans, then call the resulting impairments “non-recurring.”

Dividends are weaponised to signal confidence even when retained earnings are flat. Capital raises are packaged as expansion plays when, in reality, they are patchwork efforts to maintain solvency. And nowhere in these results, not even in the glossy CEO quotes, did we find a serious discussion of declining cash generation or sustainability of earnings once interest rates normalise. None of these manoeuvres strengthens the banking system; they only postpone accountability.

The way forward begins with truth. Banks must be compelled to present their financials in full, not selective highlights crafted for headlines. The CBN must demand clearer disclosures on FX positions, loan restructuring, and the sources of non-interest income, while requesting that banks disclose core operating profit separate from one-off gains and trading income; front-load cash-flow data; publish detailed impairment breakdowns that show exposures by sector and vintage; explain capital raises transparently; and align dividends with free cash flow, not cosmetic accounting profits.

Auditors must rediscover their professional conscience and not rubber-stamp whatever management wants. Journalists and analysts must drill into the notes of the accounts, asking why interest income is rising while impairment and non-performing loans are rising too. The health of the financial system depends not on who can publish the biggest profit figure, but on who can prove that the profit is real, repeatable, and resilient.

Until then, the public is advised to read every “record result” with skepticism. Because in Nigerian banking today, what the headlines celebrate, the balance sheets quietly contradict.

If the current trend continues, the supposed “profits” of today may soon be revealed as the losses of tomorrow.

A bank’s greatest asset is not capital; it is credibility. And once that is lost, no amount of cooked numbers can restore it.

Blaise, a journalist and PR professional writes from Lagos, can be reached via: [email protected]


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Ugo Onwuaso is an ICT enthusiast. He believes technology should be used for general good. He holds a Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree from the Lagos state University. Dear Reader, Your support matters. But we believe that technology makes life more exciting and helps improve the lives of people around Nigeria and indeed the world. That is why, we have devoted our energy to independent reportage of technology and finance and how they affect lives. Our incisive and analytical view of how technology news affects the daily life help individuals and organizations make up their minds. Quality journalism costs money. Today, we're asking that you support us to do more. Kindly support our effort to deliver technology and finance journalism to everyone in the world. Donate as little as N1,000. Bank transfers can be made to: UBA Plc 1017156876 Communication Week Media Ltd

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Court Remands Hacker for Allegedly Stealing N3.09Bn from FCMB

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Justice Mojisola Dada of the Lagos State Special Offences Court in Ikeja has remanded, Andrew Odekina, an alleged hacker, who is part of a fraud syndicate that stole N3.09 billion from First City Monument Bank (FCMB).

Court Remands Hacker for Allegedly Stealing N3.09Bn from FCMB

Justice Dada ordered that Odekina be kept behind bars after he was arraigned before her by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC).

The EFCC informed the judge that the defendant was among the suspects who allegedly carried out a major cyber-enabled fraud that resulted in over N3 billion being siphoned from the bank’s customer accounts.

The anti-graft agency also accused the defendant of retaining proceeds linked to the large-scale hacking operation that targeted some FCMB customers.

The Commission stated that its investigation found cybercriminals had unlawfully accessed the bank’s applications, allowing them to transfer N3.09 billion from various accounts.

Odekina was specifically charged with receiving and retaining N9.87 million, believed to be part of the stolen N3.09 billion, in his FCMB account in 2025.

The offence, according to the EFCC, contravenes the provisions of the EFCC (Establishment) Act, 2004.

The charge states that the defendant, alongside accomplices still at large, knowingly retained control of funds traced to fraudulent digital transactions carried out on the bank’s platform.

The defendant, however, pleaded not guilty to the charge.

Based on his plea, Babatunde Sonoiki,  prosecutor, urged the court to fix a trial date and remand the defendant in the custody of the Nigerian Correctional Service pending the conclusion of the trial.

The defendant appeared in court without legal representation.

After listening to the lawyer, Justice Dada adjourned the case to May 11 for trial and ordered that Odekina be remanded to the Kirikiri Correctional Facility.


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SEDC Launches SEVCP to Expand Access to Capital for Startups

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South East Development Commission (SEDC) has launched the South East Venture Capital Programme (SEVCP), to expand access to capital for startups and strengthen Nigeria’s investment landscape.

SEDC Launches SEVCP to Expand Access to Capital for Startups

The Commission said the programme represents a direct institutional response to the federal government’s commitment to expand access to local funding and attract sustained investment into high- growth sectors across South East Nigeria.

It also said that it is part of the developmental initiative by the SEDC as contained in the road map for the region that was presented to the House of Representatives Committee on South East Development.

A statement issued by the commission says the SEVCP is a funded, coordinated, and time- bound intervention designed to catalyse the region’s digital, innovation, and technology ecosystem.

“As part of its initial rollout, the first phase of the program, the South East Pitch Competition, is now officially open for applications. At the core of the program is the South East Venture Capital Fund, a blended finance vehicle designed to mobilise up to $50 million in public, institutional, development finance, diaspora, and private capital into the region.

“SEDC anchors the Fund through the South East Investment Company, its wholly owned investment vehicle, which participates as a Limited Partner. This structure ensures professional fund management, institutional accountability, and alignment with global investment standards,” the statement said.

The commission also said that SEVCP is built as an integrated platform comprising five interlinked workstreams: fund operationalisation, a flagship Pitch Competition, a structured incubation and acceleration programme, a financing partnerships strategy to complete the fund raise, and a network of implementing partners across the region.

“Each component is designed to reinforce the others and ensure continuity from deal sourcing to investment and growth.The South East Pitch Competition serves as the primary entry point into the Fund’s investment pipeline. Thirty startups will be selected across the five states, with twenty placed in the Accelerator Track and ten in the Incubation Track.

“These startups will receive SAFE investments totalling 450,000 dollars in the first cohort. Accelerator participants will receive 20,000 dollars each, while incubation participants will receive 5,000 dollars each. Investments will be milestone-based and structured to balance founder flexibility with investor protection.

“The Pitch Competition Finals is scheduled to take place on 13 May 2026, followed by an Investment Ceremony on 14 May 2026. Selected startups will participate in a structured hybrid incubation and acceleration programme delivered across key locations in the region.

“The South East has long demonstrated strong entrepreneurial capacity, commercial depth, and human capital, the statement indicated. It noted that what has been missing is a coordinated system to channel capital into that capacity at scale, with the structure and governance required by serious investors. The SEVCP provides that system, and the Pitch Competition establishes the first layer of access,” it said.

According the tstatement, applications opened on 13 March 2026 and were originally scheduled to close on 27 March 2026.

“It indicated that the deadline has now been extended to 3 April 2026 to enable broader participation across the region, adding that this will be the final extension.

“The Accelerator Track is open to startups with demonstrable product market fit, active users, and revenue traction. The Incubation Track is open to founders with validated ideas and a minimum viable product. Eligible startups must be based in, operating in, or delivering clear impact within the South East, or be founded by individuals of South East origin with a defined regional focus. All applications must demonstrate a meaningful technology component,” it said.

The commission said that SEVCP represents a long-term commitment to building a structured and investable startup ecosystem in the South East.

“The inaugural cohort will form the foundation of a pipeline that the Commission intends to scale over successive cycles. Founders building within the region, and those looking to build within it, are encouraged to apply before the deadline,” the statement added.

 


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PIAFo Drives Urgent Call for National Dig-Once Policy to Boost Nigeria’s 125,000km Fibre Network

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Key players across Nigeria’s digital economy, telecommunications, and infrastructure ecosystem are set for the National Dig-Once Policy Forum to champion a new course towards increasing Nigeria’s digital backbone network to 125,000km of fibre-optic infrastructure.

PIAFo Drives Urgent Call for National Dig-Once Policy to Boost Nigeria's 125,000km Fibre Network

PIAFo

The event, which marks the 8th edition of Policy Implementation Assisted Forum (PIAFo), is a high-level industry dialogue aimed at accelerating the formulation and adoption of a National Dig-Once Policy as a critical enabler of safe, coordinated and cost-effective fibre infrastructure deployment in the country.

The forum, themed “Accelerating Nigeria’s Digital Backbone: Dig Once Policy, Project BRIDGE and Strategies for Effective Fibre Deployment,” is slated for Thursday April 16, 2026 at Radisson Blu Hotel, Ikeja GRA, Lagos.

According to the organisers, Business Metrics Limited (BML), the introduction of $2 billion Project BRIDGE initiative by the Federal Government to expand fibre infrastructure by additional 90,000km from 35,000km to 125,000km by 2030 requires some new measures to ensure successful implementation of the ambitious target and avoid mistakes of the past.

Industry stakeholders have identified that the success of a national connectivity backbone rollout depends largely on institutionalising a Dig Once Policy framework, which encourages the installation of fibre ducts and conduits whenever roads, railways, and other major public infrastructure are being constructed or rehabilitated.

According to industry data shared by the Nigerian Communications Commission, lack of such a framework is taking a toll on the telecoms sector and broadband drive as operators recorded over 50,000 fibre cut incidents across the country in 2024, with more than 60 per cent occurring during road construction and rehabilitation activities. These disruptions have resulted in billions of naira in repair costs, network outages, and service degradation.

Telecom operators in Lagos State alone said they spent over N5 billion in 2024 to repair and replace damaged fibre infrastructure in the state, while lamenting that the development continues to slow down network upgrade and expansion drive.

Beyond infrastructure damage, telecom operators also face challenges such as high Right of Way (RoW) charges, uncoordinated civil works, and repeated excavation of roads for fibre deployment.

PIAFo 8.0 aims to address these challenges by fostering collaboration among stakeholders responsible for planning, financing, constructing, and maintaining Nigeria’s digital infrastructure.

Specifically, the forum seeks to align federal, state, and local infrastructure planning around a unified Dig-Once framework; strengthen collaboration between telecom operators, infrastructure companies, and public works authorities; translate policy intentions into actionable guidelines and implementation timelines; and build stakeholder support for Project BRIDGE and complementary national fibre initiatives.

Speaking about the event, Team Lead at Business Metrics Limited, Omobayo Azeez, said Nigeria is being denied access to robust connectivity it should derive from up to eight high-capacity undersea cable networks landed on its shores because of difficulties around terrestrial fibre infrastructure expansion.

“The Project BRIDGE initiative should excite everyone because of ambitious targets. But for those who understand the operating terrain, and why it took the industry over 20 years to achieve around 35,000km of fibre network that the country currently operates for broadband connectivity, the project calls for a major shift in execution approach with the adoption of a National Dig-Once Policy as the starting point.

“PIAFo, now in its 8th edition, is again serving as the viable platform for representatives from government ministries and agencies, senior telecom executives, infrastructure companies, data centre operators, equipment manufacturers, state governments, and industry associations to chart the way forward.”

The forum will feature keynote addresses, expert panel discussions, and strategic networking sessions designed to drive pragmatic outcomes that will accelerate Nigeria’s journey toward a resilient and inclusive digital economy.


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