E-Financial
Banks Cash Out, Economy Loses Out: How Nigerian Banks’ N5.05Trn Government Securities Boom is Stifling Real Growth

By Blaise Udunze
In a year when Nigeria’s economy continues to groan under the weight of inflation, unemployment, and weak purchasing power, the banking sector has once again recorded a massive windfall, not from lending to the real economy or financing innovation, but from investing in government securities.

According to data compiled by MoneyCentral, Nigerian Tier-1 banks collectively realized N5.05 trillion in income from investment securities in the first nine months of 2025 represents a staggering 42.28 percent increase over the N3.55 trillion recorded in the same period of 2024.
At first glance, this performance might seem like a testament to the banking industry’s resilience and financial ingenuity. But beneath the lustrous profit sheets lies a deeper economic dilemma that reveals how Nigeria’s banks are making more money by lending to government than by lending to people, small businesses, and industries which are the very arteries that sustain productive economic life.
It is no secret that Nigeria’s commercial banks have long found comfort in the safe, predictable yields of government securities such as treasury bills, bonds, and promissory notes. These instruments are virtually risk-free, backed by sovereign guarantees, and often deliver attractive returns in a high-interest-rate environment. For the banks, it is a perfect business model where depositors’ funds flow in at low cost, and those funds are easily parked in high-yield government paper with minimal risk or operational hassle. There is no need to worry about non-performing loans, credit analysis, or the painstaking process of supporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs).
But for the economy, it is a tragedy of misaligned priorities. While the banks luxuriate in “safe profits,” the productive sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, transport, housing, and creative industries remain starved of credit. Nigeria’s SMEs, which account for over 80 percent of employment and nearly half of GDP, face prohibitive interest rates, limited access to capital, and chronic underfunding. The result is economic stagnation disguised as stability.
The data below tells the story clearly:
– Zenith Bank realized N1.14 trillion from income from short-term government securities, which is 55.49 percent higher than 2024’s N734.14 billion.
– Access Bank made N1.13 trillion income from investment securities as at September 2025 which is 36 percent higher than 2024’s N838.14 billion.
– GTCO realized N547.77 billion income from government bonds, which is 45.68 percent higher than 2024’s N376 billion.
– United Bank for Africa (UBA) saw its income from short-term government securities rise 29.77 percent to N973.12 billion in the period under review, up from N750.48 billion the previous year.
– FirstHoldco’s income from investment securities increased 33.70 percent to N720.15 billion in September 2025, from N538.59 billion in September 2024.
Collectively, these numbers paint a clear picture of the real economy struggling to breathe, while the financial sector is growing fat on sovereign debt. This is not banking as development finance; it is banking as arbitrage. And the scale of this investment obsession is enormous. In the past teo years alone, the top 10 listed banks have channeled at least N20.4 trillion into investment securities and this huge capital could have financed millions of jobs, supported thousands of small businesses, and accelerated growth in Nigeria’s productive sectors.
This has now caught the attention of Nigeria’s tax authorities. The Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) recently directed banks, stockbrokers, and other financial institutions to deduct a 10 percent withholding tax on interest earned from investments in short-term securities. Prior to this directive, short-term bills were tax-exempt to boost returns for investors. The new rule requires tax to be deducted at the point of payment on instruments such as treasury bills, corporate bonds, promissory notes, and bills of exchange.
It remains unclear how much the government expects to generate from this withholding tax. However, the FIRS clarified that investors will receive tax credits for the amounts withheld unless the deduction represents a final tax. Notably, interest on federal government bonds remains exempt from the levy. “All relevant interest-payers are required to comply with this circular to avoid penalties and interest as stipulated in the tax law,” FIRS Executive Chairman Zacch Adedeji said in the official notice.
Yield-hungry investors including banks are likely to be the most affected by this directive. In the first half of 2025 alone, Nigeria’s biggest banks realized N3.03 trillion in income from treasury bills, which represents a 60.40 percent increase from N1.89 trillion recorded in the corresponding period of 2024. GTCO, Zenith Bank Plc, United Bank for Africa Plc, Access Holdings Plc, FirstHoldco Plc, FCMB Plc, Fidelity Bank Plc, and Stanbic IBTC Holdings Plc have been in the habit of buying up domestic government bonds that offer among the highest yields in emerging markets.
By introducing this withholding tax, the FIRS aims to reduce excessive speculative investment in short-term securities and redirect liquidity into more productive parts of the economy. Whether this policy shift achieves that goal remains to be seen. In theory, taxing government securities could make lending to the private sector relatively more attractive. In practice, unless accompanied by broader structural reforms such as reducing credit risk, improving collateral enforcement, and stabilizing the macroeconomic environment, banks may simply adjust their margins and continue business as usual.
Nigeria is witnessing a growing disconnect between financial growth and economic growth. On one side is the booming financial economy, driven by banks’ trading gains, FX revaluation, and investment returns. On the other side is the struggling real economy, where factories close, youth unemployment rises, and SMEs collapse under the weight of credit starvation. The banks’ balance sheets may glitter, but the nation’s balance of welfare is grim.
As inflation eased slightly to 18.02 percent in September 2025, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) cut the Monetary Policy Rate (MPR) from 27.5 percent to 27 percent. While this move signals a dovish tone, it does little to change the fact that the cost of credit remains astronomically high. Commercial lending rates hover between 25 percent and 35 percent, which is completely out of reach for most small businesses. Meanwhile, banks can earn double-digit, risk-free returns on treasury bills. Faced with that choice, which banker would lend to a farmer or manufacturer?
Beyond the figures, this trend has human consequences. Every SME denied a loan represents jobs not created, taxes not paid, and innovations never realized. Every startup that shuts down for lack of funding represents a family’s dashed hopes. Every manufacturer operating below capacity because of working capital shortages translates into lost exports and higher import dependence. When banks turn away from development finance, the ripple effect touches every household ranging from the market woman running a petty trade to the tech entrepreneurs across the country.
Several factors explain why banks prefer the comfort of government securities to the challenge of real-sector lending. Many SMEs operate informally, without proper records or collateral, making them unattractive to traditional lenders. Nigeria’s judicial system often makes loan recovery slow and uncertain, discouraging risk-taking. Exchange rate instability and inflation distort business forecasts, making long-term lending risky. Banks also find it easier to meet liquidity and capital adequacy ratios by holding government paper. Executive bonuses and performance metrics are tied to quarterly profits, not long-term economic impact. These factors form an entrenched ecosystem of incentives that rewards speculation over production, in a system where financial stability comes at the cost of real growth.
If Nigeria must break free from this cycle, a paradigm shift is needed, one that redefines the purpose of banking in national development. The CBN and fiscal authorities must create differentiated incentives for banks that channel a higher percentage of their loan portfolio to productive sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, renewable energy, and technology. Tax rebates, lower cash reserve ratios, or credit guarantees can help de-risk these loans. Nigeria’s collateral registry, credit bureaus, and bankruptcy laws need modernization to reduce perceived risk, while the legal system must guarantee faster resolution of credit disputes.
Government, through the Bank of Industry (BOI) or similar agencies, can establish a blended-finance vehicle that matches public capital with private lending, allowing banks to co-finance SME projects with shared risk. Many small businesses fail to access credit because they lack proper documentation or business plans. A coordinated financial literacy program, supported by banks and chambers of commerce, could improve their readiness for formal credit. Ultimately, change must come from the top. Bank CEOs and boards must see themselves not just as profit managers but as nation builders. The sustainability of their profits depends on the health of the economy that surrounds them.
If this imbalance persists, Nigeria risks becoming a country where banks thrive and industries die. The long-term cost is profound. Economic growth will remain consumption-driven rather than production-led. Unemployment will worsen as SMEs fold up. Government borrowing will continue to crowd out private investment. The naira will weaken due to import dependence and weak export diversification. Financial capitalism, without developmental conscience, will only deepen inequality and discontent.
The time has come for Nigeria’s banking industry, regulators, and policymakers to make a collective choice: between easy profits and enduring prosperity. It is not enough to celebrate trillion-naira incomes if the nation remains trapped in jobless growth. It is not enough to report record balance sheets while millions of Nigerians remain unbanked and unemployed. True financial innovation lies not in exploiting yields, but in empowering people. The banks that will define the next decade are those that look beyond treasury bills, especially those that find value in the dreams of Nigerian entrepreneurs, in the resilience of its farmers, and in the creativity of its youth.
The story of Nigeria’s N5.05 trillion securities income is not just about numbers; it is about choices and their consequences. It reveals a financial system that has lost sight of its developmental mission, a government too dependent on debt, and an economy where growth has become disjointed from human progress. Yet, it is not too late to change course. The recent 10 percent tax on short-term securities should be the first step toward a deeper reform as one that forces a reallocation of capital from paper to people, from speculation to production.
As yields fall and monetary policy adjusts, the smart banks will be those that read the writing on the wall knowing that the future of finance in Nigeria lies not in government debt, but in the real economy because it is the only economy that truly matters. Because in the end, a nation cannot prosper when its banks are rich and its people are poor.
Blaise, a journalist and PR professional writes from Lagos, can be reached via: [email protected]
E-Financial
Wema Bank Upgrades ALAT Banking App

Wema Bank Plc has launched the upgraded version of its flagship digital banking platform, ALAT by Wema. Designed as the next phase in digital banking, the upgraded version of ALAT delivers a smarter, faster, and more intuitive experience, reinforcing Wema Bank’s leadership in technology-driven financial services.

Tagged ALAT: The Evolution, the upgraded version represents a significant advancement in how customers interact with their bank.
It enables seamless banking through intelligent features such as voice banking (called SAW), which allows customers to carry out banking activities using natural voice commands, reducing friction and improving accessibility.
It also introduces Tap and Pay for quick, secure, and convenient contactless transactions, alongside uptime prediction that enhances transparency, reliability, and confidence around service availability.
Together, these innovations are designed to simplify everyday banking while anticipating customer needs in real time, reinforcing Wema Bank’s commitment to trust, efficiency, and customer-centric digital experiences.
While announcing the upgraded version of the ALAT Banking app, Moruf Oseni, Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Wema Bank, said, “ALAT: The Evolution is more than an upgrade. It is a clear demonstration of our commitment to redefining digital banking in Africa.
“By understanding the future of banking and listening closely to our customers, we have upgraded ALAT by Wema to a digital banking platform that is smart, intelligent and dependable. This evolution reinforces our promise to deliver innovation that genuinely enhances how people live, work, and transact everyday.”
He added that migrating to the upgraded app is seamless. “Existing customers can simply visit the Google Play Store or Apple App Store to update their existing ALAT app and sign-in with their existing login details (All their account information and transaction history remain intact on their profile and they will also gain access to new features that make banking faster, more intuitive, and more reliable).
For new customers, all they have to do is visit the Google Play Store or Apple App Store to download ALAT by Wema app and click the Get Started icon to onboard seamlessly.
Speaking on the technology in the upgraded ALAT by Wema, Olusegun Adeniyi, Chief Digital Officer at Wema Bank, explained, “With ALAT: The Evolution, we set out to enhance not just functionality but the overall banking experience.
“By integrating voice banking, contactless payments, and predictive reliability, we are delivering a platform that is built on powerful technology and responds intelligently to customer needs. This upgrade reflects our long-term digital vision to create a digital bank that is adaptive, intuitive, and consistently available.”
Built on speed, intelligence, and user-centric design, ALAT: The Evolution redefines everyday banking through intuitive features such as voice-enabled transactions, contactless payments, and predictive service reliability. Designed to anticipate customer needs in real time, the platform delivers a smarter, more seamless, and dependable digital banking experience that reflects Wema Bank’s vision for the future of finance.
With the upgraded version of ALAT, Wema Bank continues to strengthen its position as a digital-first institution, delivering innovative solutions that empower individuals and businesses to bank with confidence in an increasingly digital economy.
E-Financial
NDIC Declares Second Liquidation Dividend for Heritage Bank Depositors

Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) has declared a second liquidation dividend of ₦24.3 billion for depositors of Heritage Bank Limited (in liquidation) whose account balances exceeded the statutory insured limit of ₦5 million at the time of the bank’s closure.

Heritage Bank’s operating licence was revoked by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) on June 3, 2024, after which the NDIC was appointed liquidator in line with the Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act (BOFIA) 2020 and the NDIC Act 2023.
In a statement signed by Hawwau Gambo, head of the Communication and Public Affairs Department, the Corporation said “the second liquidation dividend would be paid at a rate of 5.2 kobo per ₦1.00 on outstanding uninsured balances. This brings the total liquidation dividend paid so far to 14.4 kobo per ₦1.00.
“The NDIC has now declared a second liquidation dividend of ₦24.3 billion. This amount, derived from debt recovery, sale of physical assets, and realisation of investments, will be applied to the payment of uninsured balances for depositors with funds exceeding the ₦5 million insured limit. The second liquidation dividend is payable at a rate of 5.2 kobo per ₦1.00 on outstanding balances, in accordance with Section 72 of the NDIC Act 2023. This brings the cumulative liquidation dividend declared to date to 14.4 kobo per ₦1.00”.
The NDIC recalled that it had earlier paid a first liquidation dividend of ₦46.6 billion in April 2025, representing 9.2 kobo per ₦1.00, following the reimbursement of insured deposits of up to ₦5 million per depositor from its Deposit Insurance Fund.
According to the Corporation, the second tranche was made possible through sustained recovery of debts and continued asset disposal.
“This payment is in furtherance of our statutory responsibility to ensure that depositors of closed banks are reimbursed promptly as assets are realised,” the NDIC said.
The Corporation explained that payments would be made automatically to eligible depositors using existing records. Depositors who have already received their insured deposits and the first liquidation dividend will have their alternative bank accounts credited automatically through their Bank Verification Numbers (BVN).
However, depositors without alternative bank accounts or BVNs, as well as those who have not claimed their insured deposits or the first liquidation dividend, were advised to visit the nearest NDIC office nationwide or complete the e-claim form on the Corporation’s website for verification and processing.
The NDIC noted that liquidation dividends are paid only to depositors with balances above the insured limit and are sourced from asset sales and recoveries. Other creditors and shareholders will be considered only after all depositors have been fully reimbursed and subject to the availability of funds.
The Corporation assured the public that the ₦24.3 billion payment represents only the second liquidation dividend, adding that further payments would be made as additional assets are realised and outstanding debts recovered.
Depositors were advised to contact the NDIC Claims Resolution Department at any of its offices nationwide or through the Corporation’s official email addresses and helplines for further enquiries.
E-Financial
KPMG Identifies ‘Flaws, Inconsistencies, and Omission’ in New Tax Law

KPMG Nigeria has identified what’s described as “errors, inconsistencies, gaps and omissions” in Nigeria’s tax laws that came into force at the beginning of this year.

The professional services company warns that these issues could undermine the attainment of the tax reforms’ stated objectives if left unaddressed.
The reforms, anchored on the Nigeria Tax Act (NTA) and the Nigeria Tax Administration Act (NTAA), alongside the Nigeria Revenue Service (NRS) Establishment Act and the Joint Revenue Board (JRB) Establishment Act, are aimed at improving revenue generation, simplifying tax administration, and enhancing competitiveness.
Authorities have repeatedly described the overhaul as critical to strengthening Nigeria’s weak tax-to-GDP ratio and adapting the tax system to changing economic realities.
Capital gains, inflation, and market behaviour
One of the most far-reaching concerns relates to the computation of chargeable gains under Sections 39 and 40 of the Nigeria Tax Act, which require capital gains to be calculated as the difference between sale proceeds and the tax-written-down value of assets, without any adjustment for inflation, analysis by KPMG revealed.
This approach has attracted attention largely because of Nigeria’s inflation environment. Headline inflation has remained in double digits for eight consecutive years, averaging above 18 percent between 2022 and 2025, according to data from the National Bureau of Statistics. Over the same period, asset price movements have been heavily influenced by currency depreciation and general price increases.
Actual market behaviour shows a mixed reaction to tax policy expectations, despite a strong full‑year rally, with the NGX All‑Share Index up more than 50 percent and market capitalisation near N99.4 trillion, the equities market saw significant sell‑offs in late 2025, including a N6.5 trillion drop in market value in November amid uncertainty over the new capital gains tax rules, underscoring investor sensitivity to tax policy shifts.
In its review of the law, KPMG Nigeria noted that taxing nominal gains in a high-inflation environment could result in taxpayers being assessed on inflationary gains rather than real economic value. The firm recommended the introduction of a cost indexation allowance to adjust asset values for inflation when computing chargeable gains.
According to the analysis, such an adjustment would reduce distortions in effective tax rates while still allowing the government to generate additional revenue from genuine capital appreciation.
Indirect transfer rules and foreign investment risks
Another provision drawing scrutiny is Section 47 of the Nigeria Tax Act, which subjects gains from indirect transfers of shares or assets by non-residents to Nigerian tax where such transfers result in changes in ownership of Nigerian companies or assets located in Nigeria.
The provision is being introduced amid weak foreign investment inflows. Data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development shows that foreign direct investment into Nigeria remains below pre-2019 levels, reflecting broader investor caution.
While similar indirect transfer rules exist in other jurisdictions, analysts note that such regimes are typically supported by detailed guidance and clear thresholds to reduce uncertainty.
KPMG’s analysis recommended that Nigerian tax authorities issue clear administrative guidance defining the scope, thresholds, and reporting obligations associated with indirect transfers. The firm noted that clarity would reduce the risk of disputes, improve compliance, and mitigate potential negative effects on foreign investment flows.
FX deductions clash with economic realities
Section 24 of the Nigeria Tax Act limits businesses from deducting foreign-currency expenses beyond their naira equivalent at the official CBN rate.
In practice, this means a company importing goods, paying foreign software subscriptions, or settling overseas vendor invoices cannot claim as tax-deductible any amount they spent above the official exchange rate.
For many companies, this is a real problem. Access to official foreign exchange is limited, forcing businesses to pay higher rates on the parallel market. Under the law, the extra cost becomes non-deductible, effectively increasing taxable profits and raising their tax bills.
KPMG warns that while the rule aims to curb speculative foreign exchange activity, it fails to account for supply shortages. The firm recommends that deductibility should reflect the actual cost incurred, provided proper documentation, so businesses aren’t penalized for circumstances beyond their control.
VAT-linked expense disallowances
Section 21(p) of the Nigeria Tax Act disallows deductions for expenses on which value-added tax has not been charged, even where such expenses were incurred wholly for business purposes.
This intersects with Nigeria’s VAT compliance challenges. The informal sector accounts for a significant share of economic activity, and VAT compliance gaps remain wide, according to assessments by tax authorities and development institutions.
Analysts note that the provision effectively transfers part of the VAT enforcement burden to compliant taxpayers, who may be penalised for supplier non-compliance.
KPMG recommended that Section 21(p) be deleted or substantially modified, arguing that deductibility should depend solely on whether an expense was wholly, exclusively, and necessarily incurred for business purposes. The firm noted that VAT compliance should instead be enforced directly through audits and penalties on defaulting suppliers.
Non-resident taxation and compliance ambiguity
Uncertainty also surrounds the compliance obligations of non-resident companies. While Section 17 of the Nigeria Tax Act provides that withholding tax constitutes final tax for certain non-resident payments where there is no permanent establishment or significant economic presence, the Nigeria Tax Administration Act does not clearly exempt such entities from registration or filing requirements.
Nigeria has signed over a dozen double taxation treaties (DTTs), including the UK, South Africa, Canada, and France, which align with the principle that final WHT extinguishes further tax obligations in the absence of a taxable presence. Experts say harmonizing the NTA and NTAA with these treaties is critical to avoid conflicts and deter foreign investors.
KPMG recommended that the relevant provisions of the Nigeria Tax Act and the Nigeria Tax Administration Act be harmonised, with explicit exemptions for non-resident companies whose Nigerian tax obligations have been fully discharged through withholding tax. According to the firm, such alignment would reduce compliance friction and improve Nigeria’s attractiveness for cross-border transactions.
As Nigeria enacts its most comprehensive tax overhaul in decades, the path to success will depend on clarity, alignment with international best practices, and swift adoption of recommended amendments. Without these measures, businesses may face higher costs, non-residents could be discouraged from investing, and capital markets may remain volatile. For policymakers, the challenge is not just raising revenue but ensuring that the reforms strengthen competitiveness and sustainable economic growth.
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