E-Business
Africa’s Data Workers are Being Exploited by Foreign Tech Firms – Report

Data workers in Africa often have a hard time, according to a report published in theconversation.com, a nonprofit, independent news organization dedicated to unlocking the knowledge of experts for the public good.

The article by Mohammad Amir Anwar, senior lecturer in African Studies and International Development, University of Edinburgh, found that data workers in Africa face job insecurities – including temporary contracts, low pay, arbitrary dismissal and worker surveillance – and alarming physical and psychological health risks.
The consequences of their work can include exhaustion, burnout, mental health strain, chronic stress, vertigo and weakening of eyesight.
Data work includes text prediction, image and video annotation, speech to text validation and content moderation.
The world of data work is built on labour arbitrage – exploiting the fact that workers earn less and have less protection in some countries than in others.
Large technology firms often outsource this work to the global south, including African countries like Kenya, Uganda and Madagascar, and also India and Venezuela.
The result is complex production networks that are generally opaque and shrouded in secrecy.
Workers and researchers have issued many warnings about data workers’ health.
Despite numerous court cases in multiple jurisdictions, nothing much has been done to address these issues either by tech companies or by regulators.
Still, the news of the death of a Nigerian content moderator, Ladi Anzaki Olubunmi, who was found dead in her apartment in Nairobi, Kenya on 7 March 2025, came as a shock.
While the circumstances of her death are still unclear, it has renewed calls for wider systemic change.
Her death has sparked condemnation from the Kenyan Union of Gig Workers, which demanded an investigation.
Since 2015, we have been studying the central role of African data workers in building and maintaining artificial intelligence (AI) systems, acting as “data janitors”.
Our research found that companies rarely acknowledge the use of human workers in AI value chains, thus they remain “hidden” from the public eye. In other words, the world of AI is built on the toil of human workers most people are unaware of.
In this article, we outline key steps needed to protect these data workers in Africa.
They include business process outsourcing regulations, ensuring quality rather than quantity of jobs, and providing social protection. There is also a need to name and shame companies that maltreat data workers.
Data work needs tighter regulation.
Regulation
Business process outsourcing is the practice of procuring various processes or operations from external suppliers or vendors.
Firms that do this are sometimes trying to evade local regulations (like minimum wages) and responsibility towards workers’ welfare (via sub-contracting and the use of temporary employment agencies).
This is happening in Africa as some data training firms and digital labour platforms circumvent local labour laws.
But there is more to the story.
Data work is also seen by lawmakers and practitioners as a solution to the rampant unemployment and informality across Africa.
African governments have actively created regulatory environments that enable these practices to thrive, despite adverse outcomes for workers.
Nonetheless, new regulations have been proposed lately, like the Kenyan government’s Business Law (Amendment) Bill, 2024 targeting the wider business process outsourcing and IT-enabled services sector.
Particularly, it makes business process outsourcing firms responsible for any claim raised by employees. It ensures some accountability for firms bringing data work to Africa.
Other governments should follow with similar measures ensuring worker rights are enforceable. Some data workers are hired on contracts as short as five days and get paid less than the local minimum wage.
Firms found violating labour standards should be penalised.
In fact, there is an urgent need to create regional or continent-wide regulatory frameworks covering the business process outsourcing sector, limiting the space for firms to exploit workers.
It’s possible, however, that jobs might be lost as firms relocate to places with favourable laws, an everyday reality in the outsourcing networks.
Quality, not quantity
African governments should prioritise the quality of jobs and not quantity. Policymakers should think about wider national economic development plans, particularly structural diversification and upgrading of their economies.
Historically, these strategies have resulted in success in some states, addressing social and economic issues such as unemployment, poverty and inequality.
Another option for African governments is to enhance social protection among data workers.
Financing this is a serious issue, so proper taxation and compliance among workers and employers is urgently needed.
Finally, there is a role for naming and shaming firms that treat their data workers poorly. There is evidence that such efforts improve compliance and firms’ behaviour.
Worker movements
African data workers have taken risks in openly speaking about their experiences.
But these kinds of approaches work well when combined with collective bargaining.
Workers have historically won their labour and civil rights after long and hard-fought struggles.
There is a long history of African worker movements and trade unions resisting the apartheid and colonial regimes across the continent.
While the freedom of association is enshrined in the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and most governments have legislation committed to collective bargaining, it is rarely implemented in the new outsourcing sectors, particularly data work.
It is also difficult to organise workers in the industry, because of the high churn rate. For instance, data training firms like Sama offer short-term contracts to employees, often as short as five days.
Some firms are hostile to workers’ organising activities.
But numerous data worker-led associations have emerged in Africa recently, some led by the co-authors of this article.
Techworker Community Africa, African Tech Workers Rising, African Content Moderators Unions and Data Labelers Association are among them.
These initiatives are crucial to ensure workers have decent remuneration, work-life balance, adequate working hours, protection against arbitrary dismissal, safe working environments, and contributions towards their health and welfare.
Several high-profile court cases are currently being pursued by African data workers against Meta and Sama.
There is precedent. In 2021. Meta was ordered by a Californian court to pay US$85 million to 10,000 content moderators.
AI-dependent tools such as ChatGPT or driverless cars would not exist without African data workers. They are tired of being “hidden”. They deserve to be treated with respect and dignity.
Mophat Okinyi, Kauna Malgwi, Sonia Kgomo and Richard Mathenge co-authored this article.
E-Business
FG Bans Use of Gmail, Other Personal Emails for Civil Service Operations

Federal government has banned the use of personal email accounts, such as Gmail, Yahoo Mail, or Hotmail, for official public-sector transactions, mandating that civil servants transition to a secure, institutional digital platform.

This ban requires all government officials to use secure institutional platforms with the approved .gov.ng domain to safeguard sensitive data.
The announcement was made in Abuja by Didi Esther Walson-Jack, head, the Civil Service of the Federation, during a digital transformation summit held to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Galaxy Backbone.
According to Walson-Jack, the government has activated more than 115,000 official GovMail accounts to ensure that communication within the federal civil service remains secure, professional, and easy to track.
She said government activities should no longer rely on personal email services or informal channels that make record-keeping difficult.
The Head of service explained that official information must remain within government systems even when an officer leaves a position.
This, she said, will help preserve important records and prevent the loss of government information tied to individual workers.
The Head of Service also disclosed that the Federal Government achieved a major target by completing the digitalisation of work processes across all 38 federal ministries and extra-ministerial departments before the end of December 2025.
She described the development as proof that reforms can succeed when there is clear leadership and commitment from government institutions.
According to her, the achievement shows that the civil service is capable of adapting to modern methods of operation.
Walson-Jack recalled that in the past, government files could easily be delayed, misplaced, or trapped in lengthy approval processes.
She said the shift to digital systems now makes it easier to monitor documents, improve accountability, and measure progress in government operations.
Walson-Jack added that the paperless civil service initiative is aimed at making government work more efficient by cutting delays, reducing unnecessary bureaucracy, improving transparency, and allowing records to be retrieved and processed faster.
E-Business
Payaza Launches AI-powered Storefront Platform to Drive Cross-border Commerce

Payaza Africa Limited has launched Shopaza, an artificial intelligence-powered e-commerce platform designed to help African businesses and merchants sell products and receive payments more efficiently across multiple markets.

The platform, unveiled in Lagos, is aimed at simplifying cross-border commerce by providing merchants with integrated payment infrastructure, AI-enabled business tools and access to international markets through a single platform.
According to the company, Shopaza is available across 23 countries in Africa, North America and Europe, where Payaza currently operates, offering businesses a scalable platform to manage online sales and payments.
Speaking at the launch, Seyi Ebenezer, Chief Executive Officer of Payaza Africa, described Shopaza as a major step toward unlocking Africa’s commerce potential.
“Africa’s commerce potential has always been there. What was missing was the infrastructure to unlock it.
“At Payaza, we have spent years building the payments backbone that businesses across this continent rely on. Shopaza is the natural next step, taking everything we have built and putting it directly in the hands of merchants who deserve better tools, better access, and better opportunities.
“Today, we are not just launching a product. We are making a statement that African businesses can compete and win on a global scale. Shopaza is live in 23 countries. The infrastructure is ready, the vision is clear, and we are just getting started,” he said.
Also speaking, Sola Ashiru, Group Head of Marketing and Communications at Payaza Africa, said the platform was developed after a comprehensive assessment of the African e-commerce landscape.
“We studied the African e-commerce ecosystem carefully and identified three critical gaps holding merchants back: limited access to AI-powered tools, weak payments infrastructure, and a broken settlement process. Shopaza was built specifically to close those gaps.
“This is not a rushed product; it is a well-thought-out solution to the most persistent pain points in African commerce today. While we are launching in Nigeria, our operational footprint already spans Africa, North America, and Europe.
“We have also established partnerships with local entities across key markets to drive grassroots adoption. Ultimately, we have solved an African problem, and Africans need to know about it,” he said.
Ashiru further explained that Shopaza offers an all-in-one solution designed to simplify selling and accelerate business growth for merchants.
“The platform features AI-powered onboarding and smart selling tools that enable users to set up quickly, manage storefronts with ease, and optimise pricing and product listings for improved performance.
“Shopaza also provides free, integrated marketing tools to boost visibility and help merchants attract and retain customers without additional costs,” Ashiru noted.
E-Business
NIPOST Plans Digital Postcodes for Every Building in Nigeria

Nigerian Postal Service (NIPOST) has reaffirmed its commitment to implementing a National Digital Postcode System to assign a unique digital address to every addressable building across the country.

Speaking at the unveiling of the Post Code Delineation Model Validation 2026 in Abuja, Tola Odeyemi, postmaster general and chief executive officer, NIPOST, said the initiative would establish a machine-readable standard location-address framework for buildings nationwide.
“Postcode is basically a framework used to have a machine-readable standard location address for every addressable building in Nigeria,” Odeyemi said.
She explained that the project would place Nigeria among the first countries in Africa to develop a postcode system down to the unit level, ensuring that each standing building is assigned a unique code.
According to her, the digital postcode system is expected to enhance service delivery, logistics operations, emergency response, and national planning by improving the identification of locations across the country.
Odeyemi noted that the diversity of Nigeria’s geography necessitated different approaches to address mapping and postcode allocation.
“Nigeria is a large country. We have all the way from the top of Nigeria, which is almost like the Sahel, to the Savannah, to the Middle Belt, to the tropical South and even to the riverine areas.
“The logic that will work for Jigawa is not the same logic that will work for Bayelsa because they have completely different geographical expressions, density of buildings, population distribution, and topography,” she said.
She said the postcode delineation process was designed to ensure that postcode boundaries align with existing administrative structures and do not overlap local government boundaries.
“Delineation has to make sure the postcode does not pass administrative boundaries, and it must not go across two local government areas,” Odeyemi stated.
The NIPOST boss further explained that the validation exercise involves testing aerially mapped polygons against actual settlement patterns and geographical realities in different parts of the country.
“To test the polygons we have drawn aerially, we must ensure they accurately reflect realities on the ground. For example, the density of buildings in Lagos, particularly in Mushin, is very different from the density of buildings in Abuja. We are making sure that density maps and topographical features are properly captured for each state in Nigeria,” she said.
She described the Post Code Delineation Model Validation exercise as a critical stage in the agency’s broader digital addressing initiative, which seeks to create a comprehensive and standardised postcode framework for the country.
Nigeria has long grappled with an inefficient addressing system, making it difficult to accurately identify locations for postal services, logistics, emergency response, and public planning.
NIPOST’s National Digital Postcode System is part of efforts to create a standardised and technology-driven addressing framework that assigns a unique code to every addressable building in the country.
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