Telecom
‘Broadband Access in Nigeria’ Not Broad Enough, Not Qualitative Enough- Report
By peter oluka
Despite Nigeria’s 5+ submarine cables, carrying a combined capacity of 10+ TBPS, Nigeria still suffers from low broadband penetration.
In an attempt to increase penetration, the Federal Government’s Presidential on Broadband drafted a Broadband plan which was eventually enacted into a policy with goal of increasing fixed broadband penetration to 30% by 2018.
Meanwhile, with a reported Broadband penetration of approximately 21%, Nigeria seems to have met her National Broadband Plan target of reaching “by the end of 2017, a fivefold increase in broadband penetration over the 2012 penetration rate (of between 4-6%)”.
However, in its Policy Brief dated June 2017, titled: ‘Broadband Access in Nigeria: Not Broad Enough, Not Qualitative Enough’ Paradigm Initiative Nigeria (PIN) passed a damning verdict on the state of ‘Broadband Nigeria’; although the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) putting fixed broadband penetration in Nigeria at 0.01%, admittedly, the bulk of this broadband access has been through mobile broadband.
Internet penetration in Nigeria is put at 47%, according to the ITU.
According to the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), there were just over 90 million active mobile internet subscriptions on GSM and CDMA networks as of April 20175.
The report by PIN continues: Although Nigeria’s broadband plan envisaged that mobile broadband would be the most popular medium for the actualization of the plan, perhaps it was overly optimistic in its plans for the rollout of Terrestrial wireless networks, Fibre, Cable, Digital Subscriber lines and Satellite Networks, given Nigeria’s historic challenges with infrastructure development.
As earlier noted, fixed broadband penetration is 0.01% and infrastructural and policy challenges has limited the effectiveness of Nigeria’s only real claim to a national broadband network – mainly 3G and lately 4G Mobile broadband, resulting in resulting in poor quality of service.
Nigeria’s Systemic Infrastructure Obstacle
Speaking on the backdrop of the report, Babatunde Okunoye, research assistant at Paradigm Initiative, said that Nigeria’s low fixed broadband penetration must be set against the background of the Terabytes of broadband capacity which lay underutilized at landing points of International submarine cable on the Lagos coast.
The successful outlay inland of this capacity, the report observed, has been hindered by factors including unfavourable government policies such as multiple taxation and Right of Way requirements.
“In a country that could only boast 200,000 telephone lines 40 years after independence for a population of over 120 million, Nigeria had always had challenges delivering infrastructural dividends to its citizens.
“The now rested state monopoly Nitel, despite not having to contend with the limiting factors earlier mentioned, and empowered by the biggest spender in the economy (the Federal Government), could only deliver fixed telephone lines to a privileged few (200,000 or 0.001% of the population) over 4 decades”, the report said.
This infrastructure challenge was not peculiar to Telecoms alone, but was also seen in the poor state of critical infrastructure in Nigeria.
Against this background of historical poor infrastructure delivery outcomes in Nigeria, it can be argued that the National Broadband Plan (2013-2018), in its far-reaching plans for an elaborate broadband infrastructure deployment across the nation was overly optimistic in its timeframe.
This is particularly true in its plan for city-wide fibre deployment, which can be as involved as providing fixed telephone line access.
As envisaged by the National Broadband Plan, the best hope of delivering on Nigeria’s broadband plan is by ensuring that the spread of Nigeria’s 3G and relatively new 4G mobile networks which has largely helped broadband penetration to reach 21% is widened and the Quality of Service (QoS) improved.
The Nigerian government is already taking steps to deepen broadband penetration through the licensing of six slots of the 2.6 GHz spectrum for the deployment of 4G services in 2016 and the planned licensing of broadband services on the 5.4 GHz spectrum bank and allocation of 70/80 GHz band (E-band), amongst other plans.
The success of Nigeria’s GSM network is itself quite a story because in some respects, it defied Nigeria’s infrastructure challenges, partly being because it did not require the same level of elaborate layout of infrastructure house to house and street to street as required in fibre deployment for instance; a number of Telco Towers sufficing for each coverage area – plus backhaul infrastructure.
With exactly two years of the Broadband Plan left (2017-2018) and the fixed broadband penetration rate at 0.01%, there is an urgent need to revise the National Broadband Plan for fixed broadband, the report recommended.
“The remaining 2 years also provides the opportunity to solidify the gains of the national spread of mobile broadband.
“A key metric which captures the quality of Internet access in Nigeria is the Average Connection speed, put at 3.9 Mbps (compared to a global average of 7.2 Mbps), according to Akamai’s ‘State of the Internet’ Q1 2017 report”.
“This cannot be divorced from the state of Network infrastructure in the country. In the United States and the United Kingdom for instance, there is an average of 1 Telecommunications base station for 2,300 and 2,100 customers respectively”, the PIN report suggests.
In Nigeria however, there are about 39,000 Telecommunications base stations for a population of over 180 million, an average of 1 for 4,600 consumers7.
The state of Network infrastructure is centrally linked to the poor Quality of Service (QoS) in mobile broadband delivery in Nigeria.
According to the Customer satisfaction survey conducted by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) in 2012, nationally, there were marginally more respondents reporting that their connection speed was “slow or very slow” than those reporting it as “fast or very fast”.
This policy brief, which follows Paradigm Initiative’s first policy brief on broadband9, stresses that the years 2017-2018 provides another opportunity to revise the National Broadband Plan, perhaps extending the target year beyond 2018 in respect of fixed Broadband (fibre), while rallying to meet the targets for mobile broadband in terms of Quality of Service (QoS) as also noted in the plan.
A major hindrance to the scheduled outlay of terabytes of fibre broadband from the Nigerian coast to the Nigerian interior has been the policy bottlenecks of multiple taxation and right of way requirements which have burdened ISPs. In this regard, it is important to call on the Federal Government to get its priorities right.
“The proposed plan for second and third national satellites, in our opinion, is wasteful, because resources allocated for this project can be used to broaden Internet access. We are of the opinion that the government can do with 1 or 2 satellites for now – there is no empirical evidence the current satellite (NigComSat-1) has given a good return on investment and financing planned for a third satellite can be channelled instead to funding tax breaks and right of way abstentions for ISPs. A nation that cannot in the 21st century provide reliable broadband access to the majority of its citizens has no business in space in the first place.
“Another immediate priority for the government will be to formulate policies that will prioritize a marked increase in the spread of 3G/4G networks – given they are the only realistic route for achieving some of the goals of the Broadband Plan within the current timetable.
“The licensing of six slots of the 2.6 GHz spectrum for the deployment of 4G services in 2016 was therefore a step in the right direction. Indeed, the Broadband plan notes that, At this juncture 3G (or HSPA) mobile broadband technology provides the fastest way for the delivery of universal mobile broadband access in Nigeria now and in the near future, while targeting LTE technology for future high capacity networks.
“3G and LTE are indeed the most ideal solutions for leapfrogging Nigeria to high speed broadband delivery
“Therefore all hands must be on deck to ensure that the worthy goal of connecting every Nigerian to a superfast and reliable broadband network is realized.
“Nigeria’s 47% and 21% Internet penetration and broadband penetration rates respectively can be partly explained by the concentration of telecom signals in highly populated urban areas and the neglect of the rural countryside where broadband affordability and consequently demand is a challenge. [Source: OpenSignal 3G and 4G LTE Cell Coverage Map]
“The figure above shows gaps between the National Planned and National Existing Broadband Fibre Infrastructure (37,104 km) in Nigeria. This challenge has been identified by the National Broadband Plan as critical to achieving broadband penetration target of 30% by 2018. [Source: Universal Services Provision Fund/Nigerian Communications Commission]”.
Anambra State Government has begun a crackdown on illegal Internet Service Providers (ISPs) operating across the state, citing concerns over data breaches, poor service quality, and environmental defacement.
The enforcement, led by the Anambra State Physical Planning Board (ANSPPB) and the Anambra State ICT Agency, follows numerous complaints about unauthorized road excavations and the indiscriminate erection of poles, which deface infrastructure.
Investigations revealed that several ISPs were operating without approval or submitting deployment plans, a violation of regulations governing telecommunications infrastructure.
Authorities stress that the objective is not exclusion but compliance, ensuring only registered ISPs approved by the Nigeria Communications Commission (NCC) operate in the state.
Residents are urged to report unlicensed ISP activities via the dedicated hotline 02014143039.
Speaking on the development, Barr. Chike Maduekwe, Executive Chairman of ANSPPB, said: “This isn’t about shutting anyone out but about ensuring everyone follows the right process. If you want to offer internet services in Anambra, go through the proper channels. We will support those who comply, but we will not tolerate shortcuts.”
Similarly, Chukwuemeka Fred Agbata (CFA), Managing Director/CEO of the Anambra State ICT Agency, emphasized: “The internet is no longer a luxury—it’s a necessity. Governor Soludo has implemented a zero right of way policy to encourage players, but the first step for any ISP must be regulatory approval. The people of Anambra deserve services from providers they can trust.”
The Anambra State Government remains committed to fostering a safe, fair, and well-regulated digital landscape where residents can enjoy secure, high-quality internet services without fear of exploitation.
The enforcement drive signals a new era of accountability in the state’s fast-growing digital space.
In a significant step towards enhancing online safety for teenagers, Meta is proud to announce the launch of Teen Accounts on Instagram in Nigeria. This initiative is part of Meta’s broader commitment to ensuring safe, private, and positive online experiences for teens across Africa.
As more Nigerian teens join Instagram, it is crucial to prioritise their safety and privacy. Parents want to feel confident that their teens can use social media to connect with their friends and explore their interests, without having to worry about unsafe or inappropriate experiences.
Teen Accounts were designed to better support parents and give them peace of mind that their teens have the right protections in place. Teen Accounts have built-in protections that limit who can contact them and the content they see, and we’ll automatically place teens in Nigeria into Teen Accounts, and teens under 16 will need a parent’s permission to change any of these settings to be less strict.
Key protections offered with Teen Accounts include:
Private Accounts: Teen accounts are set to private by default and teens under 16 can only change this setting with parental guidance.
Messaging Restrictions: Teens can only receive messages from people they are already connected to.
Sensitive Content Control: Teen Accounts are automatically set to see less sensitive content in search results and recommended content in Explore, Feed and Reels.
Limited Interactions: Teens can only be tagged or mentioned by people they follow, and the strictest anti-bullying feature, Hidden Words, is enabled by default.
Time Limit Reminders: Notifications prompt teens to exit the app after 60 minutes of daily usage.
Sleep Mode: Enabled from 10 PM to 7 AM, this feature mutes notifications and sends automatic replies to DMs overnight.
“We’re excited to bring these features to Nigeria and help families navigate online spaces safely. Teen Accounts are designed to give parents peace of mind, allowing teens to connect with friends and explore interests without worrying about unsafe experiences,” said Sylvia Musalagani, Safety Policy Manager, Africa, Middle East & Turkey (AMET) at Meta.
Since Meta started reimagining its apps for teens with Teen Accounts globally in September 2024, Meta has enrolled 54 million teens into Teen Accounts on Instagram, with 97% of those aged 13–15 remaining within the strict default protective settings.
While Teen Accounts come with built‑in safety protections, Meta understands many parents want to take a more active role in their teens’ online experiences. With the enhanced supervision tools, parents can:
See who their teen has interacted with: While message content remains private, parents can now view a list of people their teen has messaged over the past seven days.
Set daily time limits on Instagram: Parents can decide how long their teen can spend on the app each day. Once the limit is reached, Instagram will be inaccessible for the rest of the day.
Schedule downtime from Instagram: Parents can block access to Instagram during specific hours, like bedtime, with just a tap.
View the topics their teen is exploring: Parents can see which age-appropriate interest areas their teen is choosing to follow and engage with.
“Meta’s new policy aligns with several core priorities outlined in NITDA’s strategic roadmap, particularly concerning data privacy and protection for minors, now under the purview of the Nigerian Data Protection Commission, and child online protection and digital well-being, which we have collaboratively addressed with our sister agency, the Nigerian Communications Commission.
“NITDA has been a strong advocate for child online protection through various initiatives, including national strategies and proposed legislation, such as the Online Harms Protection Bill, which addresses age verification and parental controls.
“This policy reinforces the need for age-appropriate online experiences and promotes digital well-being.” commented, Barr. Emmanuel Edet – Director Regulations and Compliance Department, NITDA
To mark the launch, Meta hosted an exclusive event where parents, content creators, policy stakeholders, media and teens could engage on the available safety features and tools.
Meta remains committed to developing tools, resources and partnerships that protect teens and foster safer online experiences for families in Nigeria.
For more information about Teen Accounts and updates to parental supervision tools, visit here
Telecommunication companies have threatened to withdraw their Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD), services from banks over what they called misinformation.
MTN Nigeria, Airtel, Globacom and 9Mobile- the telcos disclosed that the banks’ notice to their customers on the new billing system and airtime deductions for USSD services was misleading.
Also, Association of Licensed Telecom Operators of Nigeria (ALTON) also denied that the directive was from the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC).
USSD is done via shortcodes on mobile phones and allows bank customers to make transactions in places with limited or no internet service.
Recall that banks earlier this week claimed that NCC has directed them to begin charging them from their airtime rather than from customers’ accounts.
The notice from the banks read in part: “In line with the directive of the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), please be informed that effective June 3, 2025, charges for USSD banking services will no longer be deducted from your bank account.
“Going forward, these charges will be deducted directly from your mobile airtime balance in accordance with the NCC’s End-User Billing (EUB) model.
“Under this new billing structure, each USSD session will attract a charge of ?6.98 per 120 seconds, which will be billed by your mobile network operator.
“You will receive a consent prompt at the start of each session, and airtime will only be deducted upon your confirmation and availability of the bank to fulfil this service.
“If you do not wish to continue using USSD banking under this new model, you may choose to discontinue use of the USSD channel.”
Reacting, ALTON, umbrella body of telecom operators in Nigeria, said the banks’ notice is a gross misinformation deliberately hatched to suit their selfish interests.
Hence they threatened to withdraw network support to the banks’ USSD services.
Engr Gbenga Adebayo, chairman of ALTON told Vanguard: ” I don’t understand why the banks are twisting agreements and distorting information just to favour their selfish interests. In the first place, the information wasn’t a directive from the NCC but a joint regulatory agreement between the NCC and the Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN witnessed by the telcos and the banks. The agreement was that if the banks finally cleared all USSD debts owed to the telcos by June 2, 2025, they are free to migrate to the end-user billing method, so long as the model of migration is transparent and agreed upon by the telcos.
“The reason for that clause was because the telcos insisted that the process of migration is such that will not allow a customer to be billed twice; in other words, that a subscriber would not have his airtime deducted and also have his or her money deducted for same services from his or her bank account.
” As we speak, some of the banks have cleared their debts, but the majority are yet to do so. So, even if all the modalities of migrating to end-user billing have been perfectly carried out, the implementation cannot even begin because the banks are yet to clear the USSD debt owed to the telcos.
“Our position now is that if that is the way the banks want to treat the agreement, we may withdraw support for their USSD services. It is not a must-have. They can do without it. But, they should clear the debts as agreed,” he added.
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