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Broadband Satellites: Defining Efficiency and Flexibility to Drive 5G

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By Andrew Aroh

The next several years will see a rapid progression in deployment of broadband satellite services. Transitional satellite payload designs will be based on conventional transponders.

But eventually, on-board switching and processing payload designs will exploit broadband satellite and frequency resources.

The key to success? Deliver a cost-competitive service and do so in a manner that is flexible enough in design to keep up with a very dynamic decade of telecommunications changes. Satellites that will successfully complement terrestrial telecom networks must deliver services that are better provided from space.

Traffic modeling has shown that successful designs will be those that provide the largest amount of traffic capacity while also providing flexibility to allow use of the bandwidth in a manner that is not fixed but market responsive.

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The progression of satellite capabilities has led to an entirely new emerging generation of satellites that process signals in space to achieve both capacity and flexibility. Future satellite systems will have market demand similar to terrestrial telecom – more bandwidth, improved Functionality, lower price.

The broadband systems with the greatest capacity and simplest terminals to use will have a market advantage. But there are important differences. This is where the flexibility of broadband satellite services becomes important.

Consumers will become accustomed to always-on, high-speed data connections as part of daily existence. Unfortunately, terrestrial broadband links, whether wired or wireless, typically have shorter range that the voice-based systems they will replace.

This can lead to pockets of broadband isolation even in relatively urban areas, let alone areas where low density population or economic deprivation render dedicated terrestrial systems uneconomical.

For these areas, satellites appear the natural broadband choice. Satellites have always been providers of true universal service – signals from space do not care whether they land on urban or rural antennas.

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What differentiates the coming broadband services from past satellite systems is that the target price will be comparable to terrestrial delivery, not a premium. This means that satellite delivered broadband has the potential to reach beyond hard to reach areas to become a true mass market service, just as direct-to-home satellite TV has become.

The large geographic scope, however, means that each satellite will serve multiple countries with a wide range of bandwidth demands and service expectations over its lifetime. For a time some countries may have a high demand for internet access, while others may be heavy generators of video multicast or corporate extranets.

Not only will these change gradually with the economic climate but there will also be more rapid changes on an hourly basis, as the day sweeps across a continent or special events suddenly shift demand. Only by employing the latest bandwidth-on-demand techniques can satellite designers ensure that such systems will be cost effective over their entire life cycle.

SATCOM professionals are aware that Ka-band allows satellite to provide access oriented circuits to an entire continent at prices comparable to terrestrial delivery in cities. These will find broad residential applications where access services are more price sensitive.

Moreover, in order to provide the flexibility required by the long life and broad geographic scope, a satellite must be able to shift capacity among beams. This requires onboard switching, which gets more complex as the number of beams increases. But if the traffic from many users is combined in a satellite terminal to fill the data channel continuously this will be a very efficient system.

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However, as satellite terminals get smaller and cheaper, they become more single-user-dedicated (User Oriented) and the circuit takes on a bursty traffic pattern. The power-limited satellite downlinks are not completely filled with data and therefore the capacity used less efficiently.

By moving the traffic routing function from a central ground facility (HUB/NOC) up to the spacecraft, system designers can combine the traffic from many bursty users before it gets to the satellite downlink transmitters dramatically improving efficiency and with it the billable bits result in higher revenues for the system.

The efficiency can provide higher bandwidth-on-demand availability and quality of service (QoS) to more users because it dynamically and automatically allocates unused capacity as needed. Customers pay only for what services they need at the moment they need it, at whatever quality level they choose.

So, what are the relevant questions now?

The processed payload design is almost identical to the transponded design. However, the on-board circuit switch found on transponded designs is replaced by onboard demodulators, a switch and a set of downlink modulators. What are the main advantages?

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ANS:

In addition to highly efficient use of the downlink capacity, the use of on-board demodulation leads to improved link performance, which reduces both user terminal size and transmit power requirements, since the signal is regenerated before downlink noise is added.

In addition to isolating the uplink and downlink interference, on-board demodulation also provides a high degree of access security, ensuring that rogue terminals do not rob power from the downlink.

The heart of processed broadband satellite is a fast packet switch. How?

ANS:

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The irregular incoming data streams are pooled and distributed to the output channels, ensuring that the downlink remains maximally loaded under all traffic conditions.

This is called statistical multiplexing – the multiplexing of several partially utilized uplink channels (bandwidth allocations) into downlink channels which fully utilize the capacity for user data. This process is an extremely important capability since most services present statistically bursty data traffic to the satellite uplinks.

For network operators transitioning from a traditional transponded to the emerging generation of processing architectures raises the question as to which architecture maximizes throughput and revenues?

ANS: THE TRANSPONDED ARCHITECTURE:

The transponded architecture requires extensive ground infrastructure interconnections to deliver full-mesh connectivity. Even then, with only one beam per satellite, frequency reuse is not achievable. This limits the throughput and revenue-generating capacity of the transponded architecture.

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The circuit switch architecture enables frequency reuse by employing multiple beams. Inter-beam connectivity is only achieved via ground gateway interconnections.

The advantage of the circuit switch over the transponded architecture comes from the frequency reuse gains, and its ability to route bandwidth to others smaller geographical regions. These architectures are ideally suited for traditional broadcast television services, but do not efficiently transport multimedia applications from a large numbers of geographically distributed users.

ON-Board Processing Architecture:

After quantifying and analyzing the throughput potentials of the two architectures, the result shows the improvement that on-board processing provide to the average throughput, a measure of deliverable user data, under mixed traffic conditions.

The raw capacity and average throughput (billable bits) of the processing architectures are significantly larger than the transponded architecture as a result of the frequency reuse possible without a terrestrial infrastructure.

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The most flexible and efficient approach is the fast packet switch architecture. Why?

ANS:

  1.  It allows a user in one beam to connect directly to any other terminal in the network without investing in significant ground infrastructure.
  2. The fast packet switch also takes advantage of the bursty nature of variable rate multimedia sources to most efficiently utilize the raw downlink capacity to achieve billable user throughput.
  3. The fast packet switch architecture delivers a substantial advantage over the other architectures in terms of available billable throughput and ground infrastructure requirements, enabling the network service provider to market and sell gigabits of capacity and very profitable support a variety of traffic scenarios.
  4. In addition to the capacity advantages that processed payloads provide, onboard switching allows the capability to dynamically configure the satellite connectivity to service any number of specialized uses simultaneously. This allows multiple services to be offered with an ability to shift the satellite bandwidth allocation as market demands change.
  5. A nimble fast packet switch can handle basic internet protocol (IP) services, point-to-point and multicast video distributions/contributions, local-into-local retransmission, local content insertion into national feeds, corporate mesh virtual private networks (VPN) and a host of other specialized broadband services.
  6. The primary difference between the processed and transponded payloads is the switch.

The recurring cost associated with the complex digital implementation is a bit higher than a simple circuit switch, but is relatively minor cost increase when compared to the investment required for the remainder of the satellite and the ground network infrastructure.

The additional capacity or billable bits far outweigh the small incremental cost increase for the processed system compared to the transponded systems.

SOFTWARE ASPECT:

  • Recall that software is a crucial part of the correct functioning of the OBP. It must:
    • Cope with diagnostics from the hardware
    • Be fault tolerant
    • Enable reconfiguration
    • Be self-checking
  • For on-board processing Satellite, it is important to realize that there are varying degrees of processing that can be applied:
    • Regenerative transponder: Demodulation to baseband and re-modulation takes place, subsequent to baseband regeneration of the digital bit stream-modulation and coding.
    • On-board switching/Networking control
    • Access format conversion: (e.g. FDMA-TDM)
    • Flexible baseband routing
    • Onboard ARQ
  • On-board processing aims to put the complexity in the Satellite and to reduce the cost of the use of the space segment and cost of the earth terminals.
  • Both Modulation and Coding which takes place subsequent to baseband regeneration of the digital bit stream can be matched to the channel characteristics (essential in mobile systems) and adaptive techniques can also be incorporated with control onboard the satellite to further improve the performance.

The regenerative transponders can withstand much higher levels of interference for the same overall C/NT, even though the Eb/No are cumulative and not the C/No as in a transparent transponder. Hence in an interference-limited environment, which will progressively be the case in future, on-board processing has an important role in easing co-ordination problems.

  • In the area of multirate (LDR, MDR and HDR) digital processing, on-board processing satellite contains Multi carriers demodulators which consist of a digital demultiplexer (Transmultiplexer-TMUX) plus digital demodulator.
  • In the digital TMUX architecture, filtering is the fundamental process used. The three major types of transmultiplexer are:
    • Single-state single-path
    • Multistage single-path
    • Multipath
  • It can be seen that new onboard hardware and software is required for OBP. In hardware we need on-board switches, multi carrier demodulators and distributed process control. Technology and architectures are the major areas of concern. Technology imposes the following constraints:
    • Power dissipation
    • Mass/Volume
    • Radiation hardness (note difference between orbits)
    • Reliability
    • Thermal dissipation
    • Device and unit package
  • Andrew Aroh is President SSPI Nigeria

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FG Seeks to Half Burkina Faso’s Internet Cost while Nigerians Pay more

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Nigeria is partnering with Burkina Faso on Project Building Resilient Digital Infrastructure for Growth (BRIDGE), to extend terrestrial fiber-optic routes through Niger and Benin, aiming to cut Burkina Faso’s internet transit costs by up to 50 percent.

FG Seeks to Half Burkina Faso's Internet Cost while Nigerians Pay more

Dr. ‘Bosun Tijani, minister of Communications, Innovation and Digital Economy and Dr. Aminata Zerbo-Sabané, his Burkinabe counterpart, have sealed a deal to establish a joint technical committee for regional digital integration at a meeting in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso’s capital.

At the centre of the discussions was BRIDGE, Nigeria’s connectivity initiative aimed at expanding access to faster, more affordable and resilient internet infrastructure.

Under the proposed collaboration, technical teams from both countries will assess connectivity routes linking Nigeria to Burkina Faso through Nigeria-Niger-Burkina Faso and Nigeria-Benin-Burkina Faso corridors.

The assessment is expected to identify a viable pathway for lowering Burkina Faso’s internet connectivity costs by up to half.

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The two countries also agreed to establish a Technical Working Committee to develop an implementation framework for the partnership.

The cooperation will extend beyond fibre infrastructure to other areas of the digital economy.

Nigeria and Burkina Faso plan to explore collaboration on digital skills and talent development, including the potential sharing of Nigeria’s 3 Million Technical Talent (3MTT) model.

The countries will also seek to strengthen ties between their startup ecosystems, support Burkina Faso’s Innovation Campus and collaborate on artificial intelligence, local-language technologies, shared computing infrastructure, cybersecurity and research.

Tijani said the engagement forms part of Nigeria’s broader outreach to neighbouring countries, following a recent visit to Benin Republic, with planned engagements in Niger and Chad.

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Federal government said the broader objective is to leverage the country’s expanding digital infrastructure and capabilities to support shared economic opportunities across borders, strengthen regional digital integration and position Nigeria as a digital gateway connecting West Africa and the Sahel.

As the federal government is thinking os helping Burkina Faso, Nigeria’s internet cost is too high.

The cost of internet in Nigeria is driven by a 50% tariff floor increase approved by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), pushing average mobile data to over ₦431 per GB.

Major telecom networks, fiber providers, and satellite services like Starlink have raised prices due to severe inflation, local currency devaluation, and expensive diesel maintenance for cell towers.

 

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Airtel Nigeria Adds Over 1,000Cell Sites in Nationwide Expansion to Surpasses 17,000

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Airtel Nigeria is approaching the 18,000-cell-site mark as the telecommunications operator accelerates network deployment across the country, adding more than 1,000 new sites annually and extending high-speed mobile connectivity deeper into rural communities.

The expansion places Airtel as an operator making one of the largest sustained infrastructure commitments to Nigeria’s digital economy, with the company’s network now spanning all 774 Local Government Areas in the country.

More than 99 percent of Airtel Nigeria’s sites are 4G-enabled, with the company continuing to add new capacity and upgrade existing infrastructure as demand for mobile connectivity rises. Airtel Africa’s latest annual report said the Nigerian operation added more than 1,050 new sites during its 2025-26 financial year.

The pace represents a significant increase from the approximately 15,000 sites Airtel operated two years ago. By early 2026, the operator had crossed 17,000 sites, after adding about 2,000 sites in two years.

The current expansion has also taken the network further into locations that have historically been underserved by telecommunications infrastructure. These communities include Kukawa, Borno State; Okomu-Udo, Edo State; Chimbi, Niger State; Orile Ijaiye, Oyo State; Kopii, Benue State; and Aran-Orin, Kwara; among others.

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Airtel has previously said a significant portion of its network investments is targeted at deep rural communities, small towns and the fringes of major cities. At a media roundtable in February, Chief Executive Officer, Dinesh Balsingh, said the company intended to maintain the large scale of network expansion during 2026.

“Everyone has the right to digital connectivity, including people in deep rural markets and small communities,” Balsingh said.

The impact of the growth extends beyond the ability to make calls or browse the internet. Wider network availability gives families more reliable access to one another, enables businesses to communicate with customers and suppliers, and supports access to digital banking, education, healthcare and government services.

For farmers in remote areas, mobile connectivity can provide access to current crop prices, weather information, market information and agricultural advisory services. For small businesses, reliable mobile data supports payments, customer acquisition, logistics and digital commerce. For communities, connectivity can improve access to health and social services and help residents participate more fully in the digital economy.

Airtel’s network strategy is also increasingly focused on improving the experience delivered through the infrastructure already in place. In 2025, the company upgraded capacity on about a quarter of its existing sites, deploying higher-capacity radios and moving portions of its backhaul from microwave to fibre.

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The operator has also reported a continued addition of spectrum to strengthen its spectrum position. Since November 2025, it has added 20MHz spectrum, which is on track for full integration on all sites this quarter.

Balsingh said the company’s investment programme was designed to improve coverage, capacity and resilience, with the benefits ultimately reflected in the quality of service experienced by customers.

“We have invested with discipline and clarity to strengthen our network nationwide. Those investments are now translating into measurable improvements in performance, customer experience and reach, including in underserved communities,” he said.

Third-party measurements have also continued to provide evidence of changing network performance in Nigeria. Ookla’s Speedtest Global Index, for example, reported a median mobile download speed of 97.74 Mbps for Nigeria in June 2026.

For Airtel, the network expansion not only extends the geographical footprint; but also increases the speed, capacity and stability available to existing customers.

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Director of Marketing, Ismail Adeshina, said the company’s network investments were ultimately aimed at making connectivity more useful in the everyday lives of Nigerians, as increasing numbers of consumers, families and businesses depend on mobile services for communication, commerce and access to essential services.

Airtel’s infrastructure programme is also contributing to the wider development of Nigeria’s digital economy.

“With mobile connectivity increasingly serving as the platform for financial services, commerce, education, healthcare, agriculture and enterprise, expanding the physical network effectively increases the number of Nigerians able to participate in those activities,” Adeshina said.

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Nigerian Startup Act: NITDA Calls for Stronger Inter-Agency Collaboration

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National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA) is calling for a unified, cross-sector push to translate the framework of the Nigerian Startup Act (NSA) into practical benefits for local entrepreneurs and investors.

Nigerian Startup Act: NITDA Calls for Stronger Inter-Agency Collaboration

The Director-General of the National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA), Kashifu Inuwa, CCIE, represented by the National Coordinator, Office for Nigerian Digital Innovation (ONDI), Ms Victoria Fabunmi, in a group photograph with participants from various Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) at the Nigerian Startup Act (NSA) Incentives Activation Co-Creation Workshop in Abuja.

Speaking at the NSA Incentives Activation Co-Creation Session in Abuja, organised by NITDA’s subsidiary, the Office for Nigerian Digital Innovation (ONDI), the NITDA boss stressed that while enacting the legislation was a historic milestone, its ultimate success will be measured by its tangible impact on everyday tech ventures.

Delivering remarks on behalf of NITDA Director-General Kashifu Inuwa, ONDI National Coordinator Victoria Fabunmi emphasised that Nigeria must now transition from policy design to operational delivery.

Inuwa noted that while early structural achievements such as setting up the Startup Consultative Forum and launching the digital startup portal have established vital channels for dialogue, the true test of the law lies in whether founders can easily access the relief and resources promised to them.

He said the establishment of the Startup Consultative Forum and its governance structures had created an important platform for sustained engagement among stakeholders, but stressed that the real test of the legislation would be its impact on businesses operating within the innovation ecosystem.

According to him, government agencies, private-sector actors and other ecosystem stakeholders must work collectively to remove institutional bottlenecks and ensure that startups can access the opportunities created by the Act.

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Inuwa said the participating institutions possessed different mandates, resources and policy instruments that, if properly coordinated, could significantly improve the operating environment for Nigerian startups.

“We want to go to the next level. We want to be able to say that the actors in our ecosystem have been able to benefit significantly from the legislation that has been passed, and it wouldn’t happen without everyone sitting in this room,” he said.

He urged stakeholders to shift attention from the mere existence of the legislation to its practical implementation, particularly the activation of incentives designed to promote investment, innovation and enterprise growth.

The DG noted that the implementation of the NSA involved institutions across several sectors, including trade, finance, communications, innovation, digital economy, science and technology.

He said bringing these institutions together was necessary to identify gaps, clarify responsibilities and develop workable mechanisms for delivering the incentives to intended beneficiaries.

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Inuwa also urged stakeholders to embrace continuous engagement and feedback, noting that the success of the Act would depend largely on the ability of implementing institutions to work together and respond to the evolving needs of the startup ecosystem.

He said recommendations from the session would contribute to ongoing efforts to strengthen the implementation framework and create an environment where Nigerian startups could scale, attract investment and compete effectively in global markets.

In a context-setting presentation, “Operationalising the Incentive Provisions of the Nigerian Startup Act,” Ms Elma Andah, Acting Lead, Strategy, Research and Analytics at ONDI, said the Act provides more than 31 incentives distributed across six major categories.

She identified the categories as tax and fiscal incentives, regulatory support, funding access, exports and trade, ecosystem enablers, and training and capacity building.

Andah explained that implementing the incentives required the participation of more than 15 government institutions, making inter-agency coordination central to the success of the legislation.

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She said the Nigerian Startup Act, signed into law on October 19, 2022, was designed to promote innovation, improve access to funding, strengthen collaboration and position Nigeria as a leading technology and innovation-driven economy in Africa.

According to her, Nigeria’s startup ecosystem has continued to demonstrate significant potential, with more than 3,000 startups and several globally recognised technology companies.

She added that Nigerian startups attracted about $410 million in funding in 2024, despite the challenging economic environment.

Andah highlighted several areas of progress under the Act, including engagements with states on adoption, the operational startup support engagement portal, improved startup labelling timelines, the Startup Consultative governance framework, the Startup Investment Seed Fund framework and ongoing efforts to operationalise the regulatory sandbox framework.

She, however, stressed that the interconnected nature of the incentives meant that no single institution could deliver them independently.
“No single institution can deliver all these incentives alone. Implementation requires coordination across more than 15 MDAs,” she said.

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Using practical examples, Andah explained that a startup seeking funding could simultaneously require tax incentives, while an enterprise seeking to export its products might need regulatory approvals. Investors seeking tax credits could also depend on access to the startup labelling system.

She consequently challenged participating institutions to clearly establish ownership of the incentives assigned to them, strengthen coordination, simplify access procedures and introduce effective monitoring and accountability mechanisms.

The session therefore provided stakeholders with an opportunity to identify implementation gaps and develop practical approaches for ensuring that the incentives contained in the Startup Act are accessible to startups, investors, innovation hubs and other beneficiaries.

The outcome, stakeholders noted, is expected to support a more coordinated implementation of the NSA and strengthen its contribution to Nigeria’s innovation, investment and economic development objectives.

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