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Broadband Satellites: Defining Efficiency and Flexibility to Drive 5G

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By Andrew Aroh

The next several years will see a rapid progression in deployment of broadband satellite services. Transitional satellite payload designs will be based on conventional transponders.

But eventually, on-board switching and processing payload designs will exploit broadband satellite and frequency resources.

The key to success? Deliver a cost-competitive service and do so in a manner that is flexible enough in design to keep up with a very dynamic decade of telecommunications changes. Satellites that will successfully complement terrestrial telecom networks must deliver services that are better provided from space.

Traffic modeling has shown that successful designs will be those that provide the largest amount of traffic capacity while also providing flexibility to allow use of the bandwidth in a manner that is not fixed but market responsive.

The progression of satellite capabilities has led to an entirely new emerging generation of satellites that process signals in space to achieve both capacity and flexibility. Future satellite systems will have market demand similar to terrestrial telecom – more bandwidth, improved Functionality, lower price.

The broadband systems with the greatest capacity and simplest terminals to use will have a market advantage. But there are important differences. This is where the flexibility of broadband satellite services becomes important.

Consumers will become accustomed to always-on, high-speed data connections as part of daily existence. Unfortunately, terrestrial broadband links, whether wired or wireless, typically have shorter range that the voice-based systems they will replace.

This can lead to pockets of broadband isolation even in relatively urban areas, let alone areas where low density population or economic deprivation render dedicated terrestrial systems uneconomical.

For these areas, satellites appear the natural broadband choice. Satellites have always been providers of true universal service – signals from space do not care whether they land on urban or rural antennas.

What differentiates the coming broadband services from past satellite systems is that the target price will be comparable to terrestrial delivery, not a premium. This means that satellite delivered broadband has the potential to reach beyond hard to reach areas to become a true mass market service, just as direct-to-home satellite TV has become.

The large geographic scope, however, means that each satellite will serve multiple countries with a wide range of bandwidth demands and service expectations over its lifetime. For a time some countries may have a high demand for internet access, while others may be heavy generators of video multicast or corporate extranets.

Not only will these change gradually with the economic climate but there will also be more rapid changes on an hourly basis, as the day sweeps across a continent or special events suddenly shift demand. Only by employing the latest bandwidth-on-demand techniques can satellite designers ensure that such systems will be cost effective over their entire life cycle.

SATCOM professionals are aware that Ka-band allows satellite to provide access oriented circuits to an entire continent at prices comparable to terrestrial delivery in cities. These will find broad residential applications where access services are more price sensitive.

Moreover, in order to provide the flexibility required by the long life and broad geographic scope, a satellite must be able to shift capacity among beams. This requires onboard switching, which gets more complex as the number of beams increases. But if the traffic from many users is combined in a satellite terminal to fill the data channel continuously this will be a very efficient system.

However, as satellite terminals get smaller and cheaper, they become more single-user-dedicated (User Oriented) and the circuit takes on a bursty traffic pattern. The power-limited satellite downlinks are not completely filled with data and therefore the capacity used less efficiently.

By moving the traffic routing function from a central ground facility (HUB/NOC) up to the spacecraft, system designers can combine the traffic from many bursty users before it gets to the satellite downlink transmitters dramatically improving efficiency and with it the billable bits result in higher revenues for the system.

The efficiency can provide higher bandwidth-on-demand availability and quality of service (QoS) to more users because it dynamically and automatically allocates unused capacity as needed. Customers pay only for what services they need at the moment they need it, at whatever quality level they choose.

So, what are the relevant questions now?

The processed payload design is almost identical to the transponded design. However, the on-board circuit switch found on transponded designs is replaced by onboard demodulators, a switch and a set of downlink modulators. What are the main advantages?

ANS:

In addition to highly efficient use of the downlink capacity, the use of on-board demodulation leads to improved link performance, which reduces both user terminal size and transmit power requirements, since the signal is regenerated before downlink noise is added.

In addition to isolating the uplink and downlink interference, on-board demodulation also provides a high degree of access security, ensuring that rogue terminals do not rob power from the downlink.

The heart of processed broadband satellite is a fast packet switch. How?

ANS:

The irregular incoming data streams are pooled and distributed to the output channels, ensuring that the downlink remains maximally loaded under all traffic conditions.

This is called statistical multiplexing – the multiplexing of several partially utilized uplink channels (bandwidth allocations) into downlink channels which fully utilize the capacity for user data. This process is an extremely important capability since most services present statistically bursty data traffic to the satellite uplinks.

For network operators transitioning from a traditional transponded to the emerging generation of processing architectures raises the question as to which architecture maximizes throughput and revenues?

ANS: THE TRANSPONDED ARCHITECTURE:

The transponded architecture requires extensive ground infrastructure interconnections to deliver full-mesh connectivity. Even then, with only one beam per satellite, frequency reuse is not achievable. This limits the throughput and revenue-generating capacity of the transponded architecture.

The circuit switch architecture enables frequency reuse by employing multiple beams. Inter-beam connectivity is only achieved via ground gateway interconnections.

The advantage of the circuit switch over the transponded architecture comes from the frequency reuse gains, and its ability to route bandwidth to others smaller geographical regions. These architectures are ideally suited for traditional broadcast television services, but do not efficiently transport multimedia applications from a large numbers of geographically distributed users.

ON-Board Processing Architecture:

After quantifying and analyzing the throughput potentials of the two architectures, the result shows the improvement that on-board processing provide to the average throughput, a measure of deliverable user data, under mixed traffic conditions.

The raw capacity and average throughput (billable bits) of the processing architectures are significantly larger than the transponded architecture as a result of the frequency reuse possible without a terrestrial infrastructure.

The most flexible and efficient approach is the fast packet switch architecture. Why?

ANS:

  1.  It allows a user in one beam to connect directly to any other terminal in the network without investing in significant ground infrastructure.
  2. The fast packet switch also takes advantage of the bursty nature of variable rate multimedia sources to most efficiently utilize the raw downlink capacity to achieve billable user throughput.
  3. The fast packet switch architecture delivers a substantial advantage over the other architectures in terms of available billable throughput and ground infrastructure requirements, enabling the network service provider to market and sell gigabits of capacity and very profitable support a variety of traffic scenarios.
  4. In addition to the capacity advantages that processed payloads provide, onboard switching allows the capability to dynamically configure the satellite connectivity to service any number of specialized uses simultaneously. This allows multiple services to be offered with an ability to shift the satellite bandwidth allocation as market demands change.
  5. A nimble fast packet switch can handle basic internet protocol (IP) services, point-to-point and multicast video distributions/contributions, local-into-local retransmission, local content insertion into national feeds, corporate mesh virtual private networks (VPN) and a host of other specialized broadband services.
  6. The primary difference between the processed and transponded payloads is the switch.

The recurring cost associated with the complex digital implementation is a bit higher than a simple circuit switch, but is relatively minor cost increase when compared to the investment required for the remainder of the satellite and the ground network infrastructure.

The additional capacity or billable bits far outweigh the small incremental cost increase for the processed system compared to the transponded systems.

SOFTWARE ASPECT:

  • Recall that software is a crucial part of the correct functioning of the OBP. It must:
    • Cope with diagnostics from the hardware
    • Be fault tolerant
    • Enable reconfiguration
    • Be self-checking
  • For on-board processing Satellite, it is important to realize that there are varying degrees of processing that can be applied:
    • Regenerative transponder: Demodulation to baseband and re-modulation takes place, subsequent to baseband regeneration of the digital bit stream-modulation and coding.
    • On-board switching/Networking control
    • Access format conversion: (e.g. FDMA-TDM)
    • Flexible baseband routing
    • Onboard ARQ
  • On-board processing aims to put the complexity in the Satellite and to reduce the cost of the use of the space segment and cost of the earth terminals.
  • Both Modulation and Coding which takes place subsequent to baseband regeneration of the digital bit stream can be matched to the channel characteristics (essential in mobile systems) and adaptive techniques can also be incorporated with control onboard the satellite to further improve the performance.

The regenerative transponders can withstand much higher levels of interference for the same overall C/NT, even though the Eb/No are cumulative and not the C/No as in a transparent transponder. Hence in an interference-limited environment, which will progressively be the case in future, on-board processing has an important role in easing co-ordination problems.

  • In the area of multirate (LDR, MDR and HDR) digital processing, on-board processing satellite contains Multi carriers demodulators which consist of a digital demultiplexer (Transmultiplexer-TMUX) plus digital demodulator.
  • In the digital TMUX architecture, filtering is the fundamental process used. The three major types of transmultiplexer are:
    • Single-state single-path
    • Multistage single-path
    • Multipath
  • It can be seen that new onboard hardware and software is required for OBP. In hardware we need on-board switches, multi carrier demodulators and distributed process control. Technology and architectures are the major areas of concern. Technology imposes the following constraints:
    • Power dissipation
    • Mass/Volume
    • Radiation hardness (note difference between orbits)
    • Reliability
    • Thermal dissipation
    • Device and unit package
  • Andrew Aroh is President SSPI Nigeria

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NCC Pledges Executive Support, Policy Incentives for Local Device Manufacturing

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Nigerian government has opened a high-stakes window of opportunity for international tech investors, offering direct presidential intervention and sweeping economic waivers for hardware companies that anchor their manufacturing hubs in Nigeria by November 2026.

NCC Pledges Executive Support, Policy Incentives for Local Device Manufacturing

Chief Idris Ibikunle Olorunnimbe

Chief Idris Ibikunle Olorunnimbe, the Chairman of the Governing Board of the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), made this groundbreaking declaration during his ministerial-level address at the Digital Africa Summit Roundtable in Shanghai.

Highlighting the government’s total dedication to backing these new factories, Olorunnimbe stated: “Whatever it takes to get the plant standing, we will pursue it together, because every factory that rises in Nigeria grows our economy, employs our young people, and brings the price of a phone closer to what an ordinary Nigerian can pay”.

The offer is designed to stimulate immediate foreign direct investment and create sustainable employment for Nigeria’s teeming youth population.

The economic logic underwriting this regulatory ultimatum is both practical and urgent. Currently, the Nigerian telecommunications ecosystem is highly vulnerable to external economic shocks, with foreign-exchange swings and import duties constantly pushing genuine, formal devices out of reach for average citizens.

By localising the supply chain, the NCC seeks to anchor device pricing to the local currency, stripping away the pricing volatility tied to the US Dollar.

Olorunnimbe candidly stated that the administration is ready to deploy massive executive support, viewing connectivity infrastructure as the central engine of President Tinubu’s Renewed Hope agenda, which treats “connectivity as productive infrastructure for the whole economy rather than a luxury for a few”.

This infrastructural push is designed to directly fuel the NCC’s highly praised initiative to transition Nigeria into an era of digital free education through the zero-rating of educational portals.

Drawing inspiration from classic free education philosophies, Olorunnimbe has previously stated that asking a child to buy data to look at a textbook is the modern equivalent of charging tuition at the gates of a public school.

To operationalise this vision, the proposed locally assembled smartphones, MiFi units, and home routers will come pre-configured with embedded access to these zero-rated educational platforms. This ensures that digital literacy tools are structurally hardwired into the technology from the factory floor.

Additionally, these indigenous devices will come pre-installed with core government application portals, simplifying access to digital identity verifications, public health services, and agricultural extensions. By embedding these essential state services directly onto affordable, locally produced hardware, the NCC is solving the double dilemma of device cost and data expenses simultaneously.

This holistic blueprint bridges the digital divide and accelerates financial inclusion, as verifiable identity frameworks, like the NIN and BVN, will allow citizens to seamlessly transition into credit-linked device-financing schemes. Olorunnimbe noted that by pairing “verifiable identity with credit history and secure device technology, then the phone itself becomes the on-ramp: to a credit record, and then to the wider financial system”.

The visionary posturing of Chief Olorunnimbe and the executive leadership of the NCC mark a paradigm shift in how government agencies foster industrial growth. Rather than relying solely on traditional, rigid enforcement against informal markets, the Commission is actively building a structured, credible marketplace via policy incentives and strategic executive support.

Through this aggressive, forward-looking roadmap, the NCC is firmly establishing Nigeria as the digital powerhouse of the African continent, demonstrating that true digital inclusion is achieved when national infrastructure serves human development.


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Meta, FG Unveil New Safety Measures to Protect Nigerian Teens Online

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Meta on Thursday convened the Nigeria Youth Safety Summit in Abuja, bringing together government officials, civil society organisations, parents, educators, content creators and youth leaders to strengthen collaboration on digital wellbeing and safer online experiences for young people.

L-R: Sylvia Musalagani, Head of Safety Policy, Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA), Meta; Ayodele Olawande, Honourable Minister of Youth Development; Sade Dada, Head of Public Policy, Anglophone West Africa, Meta; and Ahmed Yusuf Tanbuwal, Ag Director, Digital Literacy and Capacity Building Department, National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA), during the Nigeria Youth Safety Summit organised by Meta on Thursday, June 25, 2026, in Abuja.

The summit, held at the Transcorp Hilton Hotel and co-hosted with the Federal Ministry of Youth Development, highlighted Meta’s investments in youth online safety through built-in protections, parental supervision tools and digital literacy resources aimed at helping teenagers navigate the digital space safely.

The event featured keynote presentations, panel discussions and a Parents Learn and Brunch session organised in partnership with the Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development.

Participants explored practical approaches to promoting safer online engagement while emphasising the importance of partnerships among government, technology companies, parents, schools and civil society in advancing digital wellbeing.

Speaking at the summit, Meta’s Head of Safety Policy for Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA), Sylvia Musalagani, said the company remained committed to providing teenagers with age-appropriate and safe online experiences.

“At Meta, our goal is to provide teens with safe, age-appropriate online experiences, and events like the Nigeria Youth Safety Summit reflect our commitment to promoting safer and more positive digital experiences for teens.

“With products such as Teen Accounts, Meta is putting the right protections in place so teens can explore their interests and express their creativity in a safe, age-appropriate space.

“We will continue to build the safety features and tools that families need to support young people online,” she said.

Musalagani explained that Teen Accounts represent a redesigned experience across Meta’s platforms specifically for teenagers.

She said the accounts are automatically enabled for all teenagers and include built-in safety features such as private accounts, the strictest messaging settings, restrictions on sensitive content, limited tagging and mentions to people they follow, daily time reminders after 60 minutes of use, and sleep mode between 10 p.m. and 7 a.m.

According to her, teenagers under the age of 16 require parental approval before making any changes that would reduce the default safety settings.

The Minister of Women Affairs and Social Development, Hajiya Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim, described child online safety as one of the ministry’s key priorities.

She said children require informed parental guidance to safely navigate the digital environment, stressing that online safety is a shared responsibility involving parents, technology companies and government.

“Child online safety is one of our central pillars and we are steadfast in our mandate to safeguard the Nigerian child from technology-enabled violence.

“Children cannot navigate the complexities of the online world without informed adults guiding them because safety begins with the parents.

“Safety is a shared tripartite responsibility between parents, technological industries and government.

“That is the fundamental premise of today’s summit, a hands-on walk through of parental supervision tools and Teen Accounts.

“We appreciate Meta for the collaboration and for creating a platform for these important conversations,” she said.

Meta also highlighted its parental supervision tools, which allow parents to receive notifications when teenagers report content, gain insights into who they communicate with, set daily usage limits, schedule breaks and monitor age-appropriate content interests.

The Minister of Youth Development, Ayodele Olawande, commended Meta for the initiative and noted its alignment with the ministry’s National Youth Data Protection and Awareness Training Programme.

“I want to thank Meta for this great achievement.

“At the ministry, one of the things we provide to all Nigerians is the skills to succeed in this digital world while making sure we protect them against emerging threats.

“We see a strong connection between the objectives of this summit and the goals of our National Youth Data Protection and Awareness Training Programme.

“We believe that keeping young people safe online is a shared responsibility.

“Government, technology companies, schools, parents, social organisations, community groups and young people themselves all have a role to play.

“We encourage Meta to make the tools, guides and learning materials from this initiative more widely available so that young people across Nigeria can continue to benefit from this laudable summit,” he said.

The summit concluded with discussions focused on strengthening partnerships, promoting digital literacy and advancing a shared vision for youth online safety across Nigeria.


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MTN Chairman Blasts Xenophobia, Says South Africa Is Nothing Without Africa

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Mcebisi Jonas, MTN Group Chairma,n has used the funeral service of Zimbabwean-born activist and public servant Thokozani Damasane to mount a sweeping attack on xenophobia, ethnic politics and state failure in South Africa, warning that the country’s crisis cannot be solved by blaming foreigners.

MTN Chairman Blasts Xenophobia, Says South Africa Is Nothing Without Africa

MTN Group Chairman, Mcebisi Jonas

Delivering what many described as one of the most forceful interventions yet by a senior African business leader on South Africa’s immigration debate, Jonas said the persistence of anti-foreigner sentiment was a symptom of deeper governance failures, political opportunism and the erosion of a shared moral vision.

He argued that inequality, unemployment, corruption and weak institutions would remain even if all foreigners left the country, insisting that the real problem lay in the failure of the state to govern effectively.

“Foreigners can leave tomorrow – inequality will be with us,” he said. “Foreigners will leave tomorrow – unemployment will be with us. Foreigners will leave tomorrow – our police will remain corrupt.”

Jonas, a former South African Deputy Minister of Finance, made the remarks at a funeral service that had drawn mourners from civic, political and business circles. His speech, which blended philosophy, memory, political critique and grief, has since circulated widely across South Africa and beyond.

Jonas said a central question had stayed with him as he drove to the service: what home meant to Damasane, a man who had been born and educated in Zimbabwe before moving to South Africa during the post-apartheid period.

“I was thinking, what is home to Damasane?” he told mourners. “Because I understand, and I understood very early in life, that home is where humanity is. Home is about humanness. It is about the good of humanity and striving for the good of humanity.”

He described Damasane as someone who arrived in South Africa “as an outcast” but chose to immerse himself in the struggles of the country and its people.

“He immersed himself deeply into the struggles, into the pains of South Africans, and he became one of us,” Jonas said. “In Damasane’s strength, our strength as South Africa and South Africans are reflected. And in his weaknesses, our own weaknesses are reflected.”

The sharpest portion of Jonas’ speech came when he turned to the wave of xenophobic rhetoric that has repeatedly flared in South Africa, particularly against migrants from Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Nigeria, Malawi and other African countries.

He dismissed the argument that foreigners were responsible for the country’s social and economic hardship, saying that such claims merely masked the failures of political leadership and public institutions.

“The problem is the failure of the state,” he said. “The state doesn’t manage immigration. It doesn’t manage its borders. It doesn’t enforce law enforcement. It doesn’t manage education. What are you expecting?”

Jonas accused politicians of exploiting public frustration for electoral gain, warning that communities under pressure are easily manipulated by leaders who offer scapegoats instead of solutions.

“When people feel the burn, they become vulnerable to politicians whose sole purpose is to be elected and re-elected,” he said. “Some of them have no credibility whatsoever. But they lead marches and tell our people that the problem is not us – it is foreigners.”

Jonas also used the occasion to offer a sustained critique of tribalism and ethnic identity politics, describing them as colonial constructs that have survived into the present through political manipulation.

“The tribe is a product of colonial powers,” he said. “You would notice that it is so dominant in areas where the English conquered, because they used something called the principle of indirect rule.”

According to him, colonial administrations deliberately sharpened differences between communities in order to divide and control them.

“You have got to divide these people by psychologically enhancing the notion that one is different from the other. That’s how the notion of tribe was born,” he said.

Jonas argued that the same logic now fuels xenophobic violence and exclusion, with people increasingly persecuted not because of what they have done but because of who they are perceived to be.

He said liberation movements were also guilty of keeping ethnic identities alive for political convenience.

“Liberation movements still sustain this thing of tribes – Zulu and Xhosa – and we sustain this thing as if it is real,” he said. “It is in our heads. We’re creating it because it makes us feel big. Identity politics – we must banish them in our country. Ethno-nationalism is something in this country we must banish.”

In explaining Damasane’s significance, Jonas drew on the writings of Frantz Fanon, the anti-colonial thinker and psychiatrist whose work shaped liberation struggles across Africa and the Global South.

He compared Damasane to Fanon, noting that both men were born outside the societies they later helped shape and serve.

Fanon, he said, was “born elsewhere” and was “not a Muslim,” yet became one of the most respected theorists of the Algerian Revolution. The parallel, Jonas suggested, was deliberate: Damasane, too, had chosen commitment over comfort.

“Each generation must, out of relative obscurity, discover its mission, fulfil it, or betray it,” Jonas quoted Fanon as saying. “Damasane understood the mission. And he did not betray it.”

He also recalled a conversation Damasane had once had with a young man who questioned the presence of foreigners in South Africa. Damasane’s reply, Jonas said, had remained with him.

“Damasane said to this guy: just wait fifteen or twenty years. You will also be wanting to leave your country.”

Jonas said those words now sounded prophetic in light of worsening inequality, exclusion and corruption.

“As I stand up today, I look at South Africa. The level of oppression and inequality, the level of exclusion of our people, the level of corruption, the betrayal of the dream of liberation – those words of Damasane ring very loud in my ears,” he said.

Jonas ended on a note of continental solidarity, saying South Africa’s future was inseparable from Africa’s future.

“We are a nation embedded in Africa,” he said. “And without Africa, our growth as a country – economically – our fortune is intertwined with the growth of Africa. South Africa is nothing without Africa. And Africa is nothing without South Africa.”

He also urged mourners to rethink the way success and dignity are measured, saying merit should not be reduced to wealth alone.

“Sometimes this thing called meritocracy is measured in wealth. No. It is values, it is principle, it is integrity. And your father had all of that,” he said.

Jonas further stressed that a person’s legal or social worth should not be judged by their origin.

“We cannot judge people by their origin,” he said. “We cannot determine the legal status of people by their origin.”

Jonas’ intervention comes at a time when xenophobia remains one of South Africa’s most combustible social and political issues, with periodic attacks on foreign nationals continuing to draw outrage across the continent.

The consequences have often extended beyond South Africa’s borders, triggering diplomatic tensions, travel advisories and boycott calls in parts of Africa. For pan-African companies like MTN, whose operations depend on cross-border trust and political stability, the debate is not only moral but commercial.

That context made Jonas’ decision to speak so directly at a funeral especially notable. Rather than a corporate forum or policy panel, he used a farewell to make a wider argument about belonging, leadership and the future of the continent.

In doing so, he turned Damasane’s burial into something larger than a memorial: a warning against the politics of fear, and a plea for a South Africa that remembers its place in Africa.


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