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Foreign Exchange Inflows still Below Pre-COVID Levels

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Tunde Abidoye

According to the Central Bank of Nigeria’s latest Quarterly Statistical Bulletin for Quarter 4, 2020, total Foreign Exhange (FX) inflows into the Nigerian economy declined by -6.4% q/q (-42% y/y) to USD24.8bn.

Although aggregate inflows have increased since they bottomed out to a 3-year low at the height of the pandemic, they have not recovered to pre-COVID levels.

FX inflows through the CBN increased 17.1% quarter-on-quarter (q/q) to USD8.2bn (or 33% of total inflows), thanks to a 48% q/q rise in non-oil receipts to USD6.8bn. A USD2.0bn category titled “others including FGN loans” underpinned the increase in non-oil receipts.

On a net basis, the CBN’s swap arrangements grew 117% q/q to USD792m. In contrast, oil receipts fell 44% q/q to USD1.3bn due to i) Nigeria’s adherence to its OPEC oil production quota, which resulted in a decline of 0.1 million barrels per day and, ii) a decrease in NNPC’s share of oil and gas exports.

Autonomous sources (other than the CBN) contributed c.USD16.6bn in forex inflows, or 67% of overall inflows. It was supported by a 10% increase in over the counter (OTC) purchases (under invisible transactions), which included capital imports, home remittances, and other OTC purchases which we reckon are mostly linked to bonds.

A further breakdown of OTC pruchases showed that, capital imports and home remittances shrunk by 25% q/q and 52% q/q respectively.

The drop in capital imports can be attributed to Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs’) waning appetite after a worsening of FX liquidity, induced by a sell-off in oil prices as the pandemic worsened. Remittances also suffered a blow from the weak economic growth and employment levels in migrant-hosting countries.

Drawing from a different data series, we note that workers remittances in the balance of payments accounts which provides a more holistic view of remittances also slumped by c.31% q/q to c.USD4bn in Q4 ’20 and c.28% y/y to USD17bn in FY ’20.

In an effort to boost remittances, the CBN in December 2020 directed that beneficiaries could take their remittances from licensed International Money Transfer Operators (IMTOs) in US dollars. It also increased the number of authorized IMTOs.

In March 2021, the bank followed this up by launching its “Naira 4 dollar scheme”. Under the scheme, diaspora remittance recipients are rewarded with an extra NGN5 for every dollar wired through official routes.

FX outflows through the economy increased by 24.1% q/q to USD9.2bn. About 97% of total outflows were routed through the CBN.

The strong increase in forex outflows reflects a rise in CBN FX interventions at multiple intervention windows, notably the restart of FX sales to bureaux de change operators and at the investors and exporters (I&E) window in August ’20 after a five-month hiatus.

Despite the increase in outflows during the quarter, FX outflows remain below pre-pandemic levels, due largely to the CBN’s import compression strategies.

FBNQuest Researchs’ conversations with FPIs and domestic investors indicate that greater FX liberalisation (including further adjustments to the FX rate) and the loosening of FX controls such as the CBN’s 42-item FX restriction list are prerequisites to open the tap of portfolio flows.

Tunde Abidoye is Head, Equity Research, FBNQuest


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E-Financial

Meet Top Five Tech-Driven Banks and Their Overseers

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With the rapid rate of technological change and shifting customer demands, financial institutions in Nigeria have been looking to keep up with innovation and modernise their technology.

Meet Top Five Tech-Driven Banks and Their Overseers

Nigeira CommunicatiosWeek in this report evaluates top five money deposit banks that have successfully integrated technology to enhance customer experience.

This is based on 2025 and early 2026 industry reports, ranks in no particular order.

Despite variations in size and market, these bank share a foundational set of core characteristics and technologies designed to ensure stability, security, and real-time functionality.

First Bank

First Bank of Nigeria leverages technology to drive digital transformation through its FirstMobile app, *894# USSD banking, and automated Digital Xperience Centres (DXC) featuring humanoid robots, AI, and self-service kiosks.

With over 80 percent of transactions handled digitally, the bank focuses on AI-driven customer support, secure card issuance in under three minutes, and cloud-based ERP.

The bank has heavily invested in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to transition from a traditional institution into a leading digital bank, adopting the mantra “a tech company offering banking services”.

According to a FirstBank leadership report, Callistus Obetta, group executive, technology, Digital Innovation & Services, is overseeing the bank’s IT operations.

He joined First Bank in 2016 from Standard Chartered Bank.

In his role at First Bank, he has overall responsibility for strategy formulation and leading the team charged with transforming and operating the technology platforms and banking services that power the bank and its subsidiaries.

Zenith Bank

Another heavy investor in technology is Zenith Bank and driving its digital banking, focusing on AI, cybersecurity, and fintech innovation through its annual Tech Fair and Zecathon, with a recent major IT infrastructure upgrade improving service delivery.

Key digital solutions include the *966# E-banking service, a mobile app, and the XPath digital platform.

The bank has recently completed a significant IT infrastructure migration to a new, more robust operating system to enhance service quality.

Zenith Bank offers XPath for digitizing payment collection across branches.

The bank is currently overhauling its core banking systems, implementing software from providers like Misys to modernize frontend and backend operations across its African and UK branches.

Akin Ogunranti leads the Bank’s technology group, digital transformation, and strategic technology initiatives.

Ogunranti is a seasoned banker with over 30 years of experience, joining Zenith Bank in 2004.

He previously managed the Bank’s relationships with Multilateral Institutions and Export Credit Agencies, and served as Group Head for Power & Infrastructure, Oil & Gas, and Structured Trade & Project Finance.

He currently oversees Corporate Banking, Oil & Gas, and the Bank’s Business portfolios across Lagos (Public Sector, Apapa, Isolo and Ilupeju), South-West, and South-South regions.m

Fidelity Bank

Fidelity Bank leverages digital technology to enhance banking convenience, offering solutions like Cardless ATM withdrawals, the *770# instant banking code, and the Ivy AI chatbot.

Their technology stack includes secured online banking, NQR scan-to-pay, and advanced digital tools for SME management and corporate credit lending.

Fidelity Online Banking and a Mobile App are top notches as they  support NQR scan-to-pay.

The *770# Instant Banking service works on all phones without data.

The bank also offers Virtus for real-time transaction monitoring and Corporate Online Banking (CONB) for bulk payments.

Fidelity utilizes SSL encryption, token technology, and adheres to ISO 27001 and PCIDSS security standards.

With mobile technology and AI-driven solutions, Fidelity Bank provides cost-effective financial access to both banked and unbanked customers.

Stanley Chiedoziem Amuchie, Executive Director, Chief Operations and Information Officer is leading the Bank’s IT operations.

Amuchie holds a record of impressive multi- functional work experience spanning banking, audit, risk management, corporate governance, quality control, operations and information technology, strategy, financial control, business and financial advisory, accounting, general management, business development and consulting, with over 23 years of experience in the banking and financial services industry.

He joined Zenith Bank Plc and enjoyed a distinguished career spanning over 18 years which culminated in his appointment as Group Chief Financial Officer in July 2015 and Group Zonal Head in June 2018, a position he held until his exit in October 2018.

While at Zenith Bank, Stanley also served as a Non-Executive Director on the Boards of Zenith Trustees Limited, Zenith Bureau De Change Limited, Zenith Nominees Limited and was Chairman of the Board of Directors of Zenith Securities Limited.

Between April 2019 and February 2021, Stanley was Chief Technical Consultant at Mint Financial Technologies Limited (now Mintyn Bank, a digital bank).

United Bank for Africa

United Bank for Africa (UBA) also leverages technology to drive digital banking across 20 African countries and globally, serving over 45 million customers.

Key technology banking services include the UBA Mobile App, Leo AI Chatbot, and *919# USSD banking, enabling account opening, transfers, bill payments, and loans.

UBA focuses on Fintech partnerships to enhance AI-powered customer engagement and digital payments.

UBA prioritizes collaborations with fintech companies to accelerate financial inclusion and enhance digital payment infrastructure.

Emmanuel Lamptey is the key executive overseeing technology and digital transformation at UBA.

Lamptey, who serves as the Executive Director, Digital Banking, has 25 years of experience in retail banking, corporate banking, asset management, brokerage, insurance, and microfinance.

His background allows him to combine financial expertise with a digital vision.

TAJBank

TAJBank is a leading Nigerian non-interest (Islamic) bank leveraging technology for digital banking, featuring the TAJWAY app for secure, 24/7 transactions.

The bank uses the SBS Core Amplitude Up banking platform for seamless digital services, including account opening, instant transfers, bills payment, and agency banking.

It offers secure, user-friendly app offering card management, budget planning, and high-frequency transfers available on the App Store and Google Play.

Customers can open accounts through the app or website without visiting a branch.

Its offers USSD Banking and *898# code for mobile transactions can be donewithout internet connectivity.

TAJBank’s technological focus supports its goal of being a leading digital non-interest bank in Nigeria by providing seamless, ethical banking solutions.

Sherif Idi, Co-Founder/Executive Director, is actively involved in the bank’s operational trajectory and growth, often commenting on the bank’s investment in technology, human capital, and expansion strategies.

He oversee the bank’s growth-driven, tech-enabled, and innovative initiatives.

With 21 years career experience in the banking sector, Idi has worked in every unit of banking, from operations manager to marketing and customer service, risk management, branch manager and group head, carving a niche for himself.

 


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E-Financial

EFCC Warns Fintech Firms over Rising Fraud, Ransom Payments

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Mr. Ola Olukoyede, chairman, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), has called on financial technology companies in Nigeria to strengthen their systems and safeguard their platforms against exploitation by fraudsters and other criminal actors.

EFCC Warns Fintech Firms over Rising Fraud, Ransom Payments

Olukoyede made the call yesterday in Abuja during an industry engagement meeting with chief executive officers of fintech companies held at the EFCC headquarters.

He commended the fintech sector for driving financial inclusion and innovation in the country, noting that their platforms have expanded access to financial services.

However, he warned that the same digital space has increasingly been exploited by fraudsters.

According to him, continuous engagement between the EFCC and fintech operators is necessary to identify vulnerabilities and block loopholes being used for financial crimes.

“The opportunities you have created have also given criminals the opportunity to perpetrate crimes,” he said, adding that regular collaboration would help strengthen regulatory safeguards and protect legitimate business operations.

Olukoyede urged fintech operators to protect the integrity of their businesses, stressing that reputation remains a critical asset in the financial sector.

He warned that a single compromised transaction could damage years of trust-building.

He also advocated stronger intelligence sharing and cooperation between both parties, noting that such collaboration would enhance the EFCC’s mandate in tackling financial crimes.

On security concerns, the EFCC chairman raised alarm over the use of fintech and POS channels for ransom payments linked to terrorism financing.

He called for stricter compliance with Know Your Customer (KYC) requirements and improved monitoring of suspicious transactions.

“We have seen that criminals exploit your space, especially in areas involving ransom payments,” he said, urging the industry to work with regulators to close existing loopholes.

The meeting also featured discussions on regulatory and operational challenges in the fintech sector, with both sides exploring measures aimed at strengthening compliance and reducing fraud risks.


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New CBN’s BVN Rules Starts Today

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Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) will from today start enforcing the new Bank Verification Number (BVN) regulations, in a major move aimed at tightening banking security and reducing rising cases of fraud across the financial system.

New CBN’s BVN Rules Starts Today

Key changes include restricting phone number changes to once in a lifetime, limiting banking apps to one device, and capping transactions on new devices to \(\text{₦}20,000\) for the first 24 hours.

Bank customers need to know these:

One of the major highlights of the policy is the restriction on updating BVN-linked phone numbers.

Customers will now be allowed to change the phone number attached to their BVN only once in their lifetime.

Fraudsters often take over accounts by changing phone numbers through SIM swap tricks. Limiting changes helps reduce that risk.

Make sure the BVN number you use is one you plan to keep for a long time. If you ever need to change it, do so carefully because you won’t get another chance.

Your account can be temporarily restricted for checks

Banks are now authorised to place suspicious BVNs on a 24-hour watchlist.

During this period, affected accounts may be temporarily restricted while investigations and identity verification are carried out.

If your bank notices unusual activity, your account may be flagged.

Transactions could be delayed or restricted while the bank confirms that you are the one making them.

BVN registration is now strictly for adults

Another key update is the introduction of an age restriction.

Only individuals aged 18 and above can independently register for a BVN.

Minors will no longer be able to obtain standalone BVNs, except through structured, guardian-linked arrangements approved by financial institutions.

You can only use your banking app on one device

The apex bank has also introduced a one-device-per-app rule.

This means customers can only use their banking app on one device at a time.

Logging in on a new phone will automatically log out the previous device.

If you switch to a new device, your transactions will be limited to ₦20,000 for the first 24 hours.

The policy is designed to reduce unauthorised access and improve identity verification, making it harder for fraudsters to operate using cloned devices or stolen login details.

BVN services are now limited to authorised channels

Access to BVN-related services is now more controlled.

Only CBN-approved banks and financial institutions can handle BVN updates or issues.

Avoid using third-party apps or unofficial agents. Always go through your bank for any BVN-related request.

 


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