Telecom
How Insecurity Impacts Mobile Phone Subscription in Nigeria
Latest telecommunications special edition poll results released by NOIPolls Limited have revealed that a higher proportion of Nigerians use 2 phone lines either registered under one network provider or under two different ones.
This trend has been consistent from 2012 to 2014; however, a 5-point reduction in the proportion of Nigerians in this category was seen from 2012 to 2013 and 3-points increase in 2014.
An assessment of the mobile network used by Nigerians placed MTN as the highest used network in the past two years (2012-2013) and even in the present times; although subscription to this provider has consistently declined within this period.
According to the MTN group, this decline has been mainly due to ‘regulatory restrictions’ imposed by the telecoms watchdog and growing spate of unrest by Boko Haram especially in the Northern part of Nigeria.
Other Networks used by Nigerians in the order of higher subscribers include; Airtel (45%), Etisalat (33%), Glo (28%) and Visafone (1%).
In line with this, the proportion of Airtel subscribers which seemed steady from 2012 to 2013 at (39%), picked up by 6-points in 2014 (45%), thus, making it the only network that has seen a considerable growth in the proportion of its users.
This increase may have been driven by the discovery of the cheaper tariffs offered by this network compared with other networks.
More findings on the usage of phone lines revealed a higher proportion of subscribers (76%) use MTN as their main line; this could have been as a result of a first mover advantage earned by this operator.
In addition, 15% of mobile network subscribers indicated Airtel as their main line, 5% indicated Glo, while 4% of subscribers use Etisalat as their main line.
An assessment of the services provided by network providers revealed that a higher proportion (64%) of mobile phone users across all networks are getting value for money from their main network provider through the ‘quality of network services’ (27%), ‘bonus offers’ (25%) and ‘cheaper tariff’ (23%) among others.
Furthermore, MTN ranks highest for providing best services in Nigeria in 2014, followed by Airtel and Etisalat (68%, 17% and 11% respectively) and to further improve the quality of services of Network providers, subscribers have suggested the ‘reduction of tariff’ (30%) as a measure for improving the quality of telecommunication services while capitalizing on ‘wider network coverage’ (22%) and ‘improved network services’ (22%).
These were some of the key findings from the Telecommunications snap poll conducted in the week of November 17th 2014.
At the dawn of the 21st century, mobile network providers were granted licenses to operate in Nigeria, hence, the introduction of the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) which subsequently changed the frontage of telecommunications in Nigeria.
In the present times, figures obtained from Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), reveals that the teledensity of the country’s telecommunications industry increased to 96.08 per cent in September, from the 90.78 per cent in March 2014 just as active lines in the nation’s telecommunications industry increased to 134,507,329 in September 2014.
Nigeria’s teledensity is currently calculated by NCC on a population of 130 million people.
Given this major breakthrough in the telecommunications industry, and with the competitive nature of the industry due to the advent of different players, ‘Quality of Service’ has been the major criteria for measuring the satisfaction of mobile network subscribers.
In line with Section 89 of the Nigerian Communications Act 2003 which mandates the Commission to monitor all significant matters relating to the performance of all licensed telecoms service providers, the Commission placed a ban on the sales of new SIM cards in March 2014 and on promotions or bonus offers on some mobile networks operators recently, following the failure of these operators to meet the various Quality of Service (QoS) Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).
Against this background, NOIPolls conducted it special edition poll on the telecommunications in Nigeria, to explore the current state of the sector from the perspective of consumers. The poll sought to measure the following:
Key Findings:
Respondents to the poll were asked ten specific questions; only 6 of these questions are discussed in this release. With the aim of assessing the usage of mobile phone lines in Nigeria, respondents were asked: How many phone lines do you currently use?
Findings from the current poll highlights that a higher proportion of Nigerians use 2 phone lines.
These lines could either be registered under one network provider or under two different ones.
The use of 2 or more lines could probably be driven by the need to overcome certain issues associated with mobile network which could range from accessibility to cost. In addition, 33% of Nigerians use one line, 17% use 3 lines, while 7% confirmed they use more than 3 lines.
The use of 2 phone lines seems like the norm across all geo-political zones, except for the North-West zone where the higher proportion of the residents use one phone line.
The North-East zone (33%: 22%+10%) and the South-West zone (31%: 23%+8%) accounted for the highest proportion of respondents who use 3 or more phone lines.
A 3-year trend analysis on the usage of phone lines in Nigeria revealed a consistent trend of 2 phone line usage by Nigerians from 2012 to 2014, however there was a 5-point reduction in the proportion of Nigerians in this category from 2012 to 2013 and 3-points increase in 2014.
More findings revealed that more residents from the North-East zone use more than 3 phone lines in 2014 compared with the past 2 years with a significant increase of 9-points from 2013 (1%) to 2014 (10%).
A view of the trend on phone usage across age-groups revealed that Nigerians within the age-group of 18-21 years have increasingly adapted the use of 2 phone lines over the years; from 2012 where it was lowest to 2014 (41%) with the highest record.
This increase in this category of Nigerians has stimulated a drop in the use of 1 line by this age-group. On the other hand, respondents aged 61+ have continuously reduced the use of 3 or more lines to settle for the use of 1 to 2 lines from 2012 to 2014.
Subsequently, with the aim of exploring the mobile network providers used by Nigerians, respondents were asked: Which network provider(s) do you currently use?
Findings revealed that MTN is the highest used line as confirmed by the vast majority of respondents (91%); this is followed by Airtel (45%) and Etisalat (33%). While 28% of Nigerians use Glo, only 1% of Nigerians use Visafone.
This finding validates the data of the Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC) which revealed the movement of Airtel Nigeria Limited up to the second place in terms of market share on the number of mobile subscribers on its network with MTN maintaining the first position.
Trend analysis on the network providers used by Nigerians from 2012 to 2014 depicts a consistent decline in the proportion of Nigerians who subscribe to MTN from 2012 to 2014 with a total decline of 4-points within this period.
According to the MTN group, this decline has been mainly due to ‘regulatory restrictions’ imposed by the telecoms watchdog and the growing spate of unrest by Boko Haram especially in the Northern part of Nigeria.
While a significant 10-point decline in the proportion of Glo subscribers from 2012 (38%) to 2013 (28%) was seen, there has been no difference in this category of subscribers since then. The same applies to Etisalat with an 8-point decline from 2012 (40%) to 2013 (32%) although a slight 1-point increase was recorded in 2014.
On the other hand, the proportion of Airtel subscribers which seemed steady from 2012 to 2013 at (39%), picked up by 6-points in 2014 (45%), thus, making it the only network that has seen a considerable growth in the proportion of its users, among other findings by NOIPolls.
About nine Nigerian states suffered network disruptions in the first week of June 2025 due to multiple fibre cuts, according to data from the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) live incident portal.
As a result, the issues subscribers face include prolonged blackouts affecting voice, SMS and data services.
The affected customers are Airtel and 9Mobile subscribers in Lagos, Enugu, Delta, Akwa Ibom, and Abia.
The nationwide disruptions have underscored vulnerabilities in telecom infrastructure.
The outages have left customers stranded, impacting everything from basic communication to digital transactions and business operations.
Data from the platform of the NCC showed that residents of Ikorodu in Lagos are currently experiencing disruptions in SMS, voice, and data services from 9Mobile following a power outage that began in the early hours of June 9, 2025.
The outage has been traced to a diesel shortage at the network’s switch site, leading to a complete power failure.
As of now, the issue has persisted for nearly nine hours, with restoration efforts still ongoing.
Other affected customers are Airtel subscribers. Airtel customers in Ughelli South, Delta State, have been facing a prolonged disruption in data services due to an ongoing power outage that began on June 7, 2025.
The outage stems from multiple generator faults at site DL0231 — DG1 has a faulty injector pump, while DG2 remains unstable due to the same issue.
Tier 5 Technologies, a prominent West African enterprise IT and cloud services provider, has announced a partnership with MongoDB, the leading database for modern applications, to aid its expansion into the West African market, specifically in Nigeria.
L-R: Anders Fabry – Regional Director (Middle East, Turkey & Africa), MongoDB; Mahdi Farran – Enterprise Growth, MongoDB; Afolabi Bolaji – Director of Sales, Tier5 Technologies; Rotus Oddiri – News Anchor, Arise News; Samson Abodunrin – Consulting Engineer, MongoDB; Folasayo Olayemi – Community Manager/Lead, MongoDB User Group; Waleed Mowafy – Solutions Architect, MongoDB and Mahmoud Thakeb – Enterprise Account Executive, MongoDB recently at the “Legacy Modernisation Day” event in Lagos.
This partnership, which focuses on helping organisations modernise their infrastructure to capitalise on the opportunities of AI, was revealed at a recent “Legacy Modernisation Day” event in Lagos, co-hosted by the two companies.
The Tier 5 Technologies-MongoDB partnership aims to harness Africa’s enormous potential, with the continent’s digital economy projected to reach $100 billion.
MongoDB’s mission is to empower innovators to create, transform, and disrupt industries with software and data, and MongoDB is the most widely available, globally distributed database on the market. Millions of developers and more than 50,000 customers across almost every industry—including 70% of the Fortune 100—rely on MongoDB for their most important applications.
“Partnering with Tier 5 Technologies is a pivotal step in deepening our presence in Nigeria—the most populous country in Africa and a key economic engine for the continent,” said Anders Irlander Fabry, Regional Director for Middle East and Africa at MongoDB.
“Tier 5 Technologies brings a proven track record, a strong local network, and a clear commitment to MongoDB as their preferred data platform.
“They’ve already demonstrated their dedication by hiring MongoDB-focused sales specialists, connecting us with top C-level executives, and closing our first enterprise deals in Nigeria in record time. We’re excited about the impact we can make together in this strategic market.”
MongoDB’s product suite includes self-managed MongoDB Enterprise Advanced and MongoDB Atlas, a fully managed integrated suite of cloud database and data services available across AWS, Google Cloud, and Microsoft Azure.
MongoDB Atlas is particularly relevant for the African market, where cloud adoption is on the rise and traditional IT infrastructure can present challenges. By delivering scalable, low-latency databases via the cloud, MongoDB aims to overcome infrastructure limitations and empower developers across the continent to build world-class applications.
At the “Legacy Modernisation Day” event, Afolabi Bolaji, Director of Sales at Tier 5 Technologies, noted the strategic nature of the Tier 5 Technologies-MongoDB partnership. “This isn’t just a reseller deal,” he said. “We’ve made significant investments in MongoDB because we believe it will underpin the next generation of African innovation.
“Many of our customers—from nimble fintechs to established banks—already rely on it. Now, they’ll have access to enterprise-grade features, local support, and global expertise.”
This partnership reflects a broader shift in how global technology leaders perceive Africa—not just as a consumer market, but as a dynamic source of innovation, technical talent, and enterprise demand. With surging demand for solutions in fintech, logistics, AI, and edtech across the continent, this partnership holds the potential for transformative impact and signals a long-term commitment to Africa’s technological future, helping to define how Africa builds its digital economy from the ground up.
When Okezie Kelechi lost his SIM card, the one he had used since his secondary school days, he didn’t think much of it.
He was shocked weeks later to find out it had been reassigned to someone else.
“I had no idea that if your SIM card has been inactive for more than three months, they will resell it,” he wrote on social media.
“They recycled my SIM card and sold it. Same number, I have had it since secondary school.”
Kelechi’s story is far from unique.
Across Nigeria, more people are waking up to the realities of what is known as SIM recycling, a process where telecommunication companies reassign inactive phone numbers to new users. While allowed under existing rules set by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), the practice is now raising serious concerns over data privacy, fraud, and national security.
A regulatory gap with real-life consequences
Experts in Nigeria’s telecommunications and security sectors are increasingly warning that the NCC’s failure to establish stronger oversight of SIM recycling is endangering millions.
“Beyond the data breaches, this issue posed a big threat to national security. I have always maintained the need for a central data system in Nigeria,” said Daniel Makolo, a retired senior official of the Nigerian Immigration Service to The ICIR.
“There’s much more to this if we don’t pay attention to an appropriate central data mining system that gives us a history of each person in the country.”
Ayodele Ajayi, an engineering professor at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, explained the security risks from his own experience.
“I used to have one Airtel number, but I travelled out. Before I came back, it was reallocated to another user,” he said.
Because phone numbers are tied to Bank Verification Numbers (BVNs) and National Identity Numbers (NINs), reassigning them can expose people to identity theft and financial loss.
The NCC should find a way to notify users when their numbers are at risk of being deactivated, Ajayi urged.
He also recounted an incident he witnessed at a bank, “a woman was narrating how she used to have a particular number but lost it. Somebody saw the number and started using it.
The woman said that before she could act, the person who got the number had started using it and had connived with a bank office to almost wipe out all her savings.
“Upon arriving at the bank to check her account balance, she found out that she had only N50,000 left from about N5 million she had saved up.”
Ajayi emphasised that while recycling is a practical move for telcos to manage limited number availability, more caution is needed.
“Let people know so they can migrate their data to another line, particularly now that almost every channel we use is linked to the phone number, including our bank verification number (BVN)”, he stated.
Kelechi recalled that his number was reassigned to another user despite still being active on WhatsApp.
“I used to wonder why random Hausa boys were always messaging me and calling me baby.
He added that “when I finally visited MTN office in Nigeria, I was told the line has been sold to someone else. E pain me, I no go lie.”
Another social media user Elizabeth Kandi, @DrETKandi warning others about the hidden risks of SIM inactivity alleges that when reassigned the new user can have access to your USSD banking.
“If your Nigerian number was connected to your Nigerian bank accounts for USSD, if you didn’t use it for long, the network provider can disconnect and sell the number to someone else…but that person would be able to access your money via USSD,” Kandi wrote.
Her post underscores the growing fear that recycled numbers, still linked to sensitive services like mobile banking, can open the door to fraud and financial loss
Why do Telcos recycle SIMs?
At a virtual stakeholder meeting in April 2025, NCC Executive Vice Chairman Aminu Maida acknowledged the concern noting that with the evolving landscape, it has become necessary to address emerging challenges that could undermine consumer rights.
He further noted that the Quality-of-Service Business Rules 2024 stipulate that a prepaid line without a revenue-generating event for six months must be deactivated.
This means if a prepaid SIM card goes unused for six months (i.e., no calls, texts, or data use), it must be deactivated.
If the inactivity continues for another six months, the number may be recycled/reallocated to a new user.
In Section 28 of the NCC’s draft business it is stated that all recycled SIMs must be purged of any NIN attached to allow a new user to link their own NIN. But real-world cases suggest that in practice, many recycled numbers are not properly sanitised before reassignment.
The business case for SIM recycling
For telecom operators, recycling isn’t just a technical choice, it’s economic.
Gbenga Adebayo, chairman, Association of Licensed Telecoms Operators of Nigeria (ALTON), explained that subscribers do not have ownership rights to SIM cards in their possession, as the telecom operators pay procurement and recurring costs for each registered subscriber.
He further explained that SIM cards are “recycled” to prevent number exhaustion while reducing the cost of generating and maintaining them.
“SIM cards are reassigned to reduce the dormant subscribers, as telcos are profit-oriented organisations,” Adebayo said.
In the exercise of its powers under Section 70 of the NCC Act (2003), the commission made provisions for the development of a new numbering plan for Nigeria. Under the provision, telcos are obligated to pay a sum that is the ‘numbering plan fees’ to maintain their allocated numbers.
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