E-Business
In Absence of Rules, Cyber Terrorists Attack Nations
The systematic crash of the computer systems of banks and TV broadcasters in South Korea — reportedly the result of an attack that was widely speculated to have been launched by North Korea — raises questions about what international laws, if any, govern the new and unexplored area of cyberwarfare.
“The answer is there’s nothing and there’s everything,” said Michael Schmitt, professor and chairman of the international law department at the U.S. Naval War College.
Schmitt, who was asked by the NATO Co-operative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence to look into these issues, chaired a three-year project that brought together 20 academics and practitioners from around the world.
CBC, the leading Canadian media reported that the culmination of their efforts was the recently published Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare.
“If you’re looking for cyber specific law, a law that says ‘a cyberattack that causes these consequences in an armed attack to which you can respond,’ you will find nothing,” he said. “But it was our unanimous consensus among the group of experts that the existing international law applies to cyberspace and to cyberweapons.”
This means that, as international law permits a country to defend itself and retaliate if attacked by conventional weapons, a country that is the victim of a cyberattack that causes damage or death, may also retaliate, either through cyberwarfare or conventional weapons.
“Hack into a control system of a dam and release waters downstream. Those waters are going to cause significant damage, physical damage, people will drown. In my mind that’s clearly an armed attack,” Schmitt said.
“And if someone did that to Canada, you could resort to force, not only cyber but armed force to defend yourself.”
Other examples of cyberwarfare that are grounds for retaliation by force could include hacking into a water treatment plant and causing chemicals to flow into the water, thereby poisoning the population, hacking into air traffic control systems and causing planes to crash, or hacking into a hospital and changing people’s blood type, causing harm to patients
But the attack on South Korea, if in fact North Korea was responsible, is different, Schmitt said.
The attack is certainly a violation of South Korea’s sovereignty and a violation of international law, he said, but not grounds for the use of force in response.
“We would call that a below the threshold operation that certainly would permit a response from South Korea but the response could not include armed force,” Schmitt said.
The retaliatory options for South Korea would include countermeasures. These are actions that can be taken by the aggrieved state that would normally be unlawful under international law but are considered acceptable because the aggressor state violated international law first.
“If state A attacks state B’s banking system, state B may then respond proportionally against state A’s banking system to compel state A to knock it off,” Schmitt said.
His group also looked at issues surrounding cyberattacks on civilians. Under international law and the principle of distinction, when on the battlefield, operations may only be directed against military objects and combatants and not civilians.
“We asked the question ‘when is a cyber operation a forbidden attack?’ There are all sorts of things you can do in cyberspace against civilians during an armed conflict that doesn’t physically harm them and doesn’t injure them,” he said. For example, erasing personal data or messing with their banking records.
“What we said is that this is a very hard question. Not unanimous, but the majority said that an attack, in the law of war, means you physically harm someone, you break something, you cause physical damage or you interfere in the functionality of an object such that it needs to be actually repaired.”
Ashley Deeks, an associate professor at the University of Virginia School of Law and an expert in international law, said many of the scenarios are case by case.
“Even in the kinetic world, there is no real definition of what an armed attack is,” she said, adding that states look to past practices.
For example, the Stuxnet computer virus, reportedly launched by the U.S. that attacked and destroyed hundreds of centrifuges at the Natanz uranium enrichment facility in Iran, raised these issues.
“I guess I would just characterize it as the closest thing we’ve seen to a cyber action that produces real world effects, not dissimilar from what a kinetic attack would do. But I’m not prepared to say it was an armed attack.”
That’s why a lot of people are starting to devote a lot of attention to cyberwarfare and trying to sort out where the lines are, Deeks said.
“There are a lot of question marks. If you took out a banking system, and it caused massive instability in the country … that could be construed as an armed attack by some states. But it’s really an open question,” she said.
“There would be other states that say, ‘No, unless people die, things blow up, not an armed attack. We want to set a high threshold.’ Others say, ‘That ‘s crazy. You want to start deterring these things. You want to call lower level things armed attacks.”
However, Schmitt said he believes all these thresholds will evolve over the next decade.
“I anticipate that we’ll see a lot of thresholds coming down that will allow states to respond more vibrantly to cyber attacks that might not be possible under the law as we found it.”
Nigeria’s weak data protection guardrails may undermine the recent directive by Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to banks, fintech firms, and other payment service providers to store payment transaction data generated within the country local servers.
CBN said that the new rule will start from January 1, 2027, as part of new measures to strengthen oversight of the fast-growing digital payments ecosystem.
This will also provide the country greater control over critical data infrastructure, allowing authorities to easily access records, conduct audits, enforce compliance, and investigate, especially in cases where criminal offenses are involved, reducing delays often caused by intermediation between local and foreign entities.
Apart from data sovereignty, the CBN added that moving transaction records from foreign servers will help drive investments in local data centers and cloud storage capacity.
Though reliable estimates are hard to come by, it is believed that Nigeria loses over N60 billion in hosting data in foreign servers.
But a coalition of civil society organizations (CSOs), has raised concerns over safety measures in place to protect data of Nigerians, despite having data protection laws in place.
The coalition, comprising Media Rights Agenda, Paradigm Initiative, Digital Rights Lawyers Initiative, and Accountability Lab Nigeria, among others, released the “Protected From the State, Not By It: Nigeria’s Data Protection Crisis Is a Crisis of Implementation,” where they criticized regulators’ failure to effectively enforce data protection laws, which led to rising cases of digital fraud and rampant illegal sale of sensitive information.
There have been leaks of sensitive voter, financial, and personal records.
For instance, there was alleged unauthorized access to the Continuous Voter Registration (CVR) database of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) during a nationwide CVR exercise.
INEC earlier released the preliminary findings of its investigation into the matter, saying that it found no external breach of its systems and that the personal information of over 90 million registered voters was not compromised.
Despite this, CSOs argued that the incident underscored the lack of oversight, adding that it showed that while data privacy laws are in place, sensitive information can be easily moved from a secure government database and into the hands of private political entities.
The coalition also pointed out regulators’ failure to conduct human rights impact assessments on public surveillance systems before related programs were deployed, urging the government to act on these issues by subjecting public institutions to the same compliance requirements as private organizations.
“This is the asymmetry at the heart of the crisis: citizens are under-protected from data abuse and over-exposed to state monitoring and punishment,” the CSOs stated.
Additional report by coingeek
Visa, a multinational firm into payment card services says Artificial intelligence enabled scams have emerged as the fastest-growing source of consumer payment fraud globally as cybercriminals increasingly target people.
Visa stated this in its Mid-year 2026 Biannual Threats Report released on Wednesday in Lagos.
The report said scammers were increasingly using AI tools and social engineering tactics to manipulate consumers into authorising fraudulent payments themselves.Premier League Fixtures
It indicated that from July to December 2025, Visa identified nearly one billion dollars in scam-related activity, making scams the largest category of consumer payment fraud.
According to the report, fraudsters now impersonate trusted brands and institutions, create a sense of urgency and deceive victims into completing seemingly legitimate transactions.
The report said stronger network-level security had reduced opportunities for direct system compromises, forcing criminals to shift their focus to exploiting human trust.
It revealed that fraud involving device tokens declined by 9.6 per cent between July and December 2025, compared with the same period in 2024.
The report identified accelerating scams, growing use of AI in fraud, migration of attacks from technology to people, and evolving ransomware trends as key developments shaping payment security.
It stated that global ransomware activity rose by 26 per cent during the review period compared with the corresponding period in 2024.
However, only 23 per cent of ransomware victims paid ransoms, the lowest level on record, reflecting improved resilience and recovery capabilities, according to the report.
Commenting, Mr Paul Fabara, chief Risk and Client Services officer, Visa, said that payments at network level continued to get safer, but threats were evolving faster than ever
Fabara said criminals were increasingly using deception, urgency and AI-enabled tools to exploit trust, requiring stronger collaboration across the payments ecosystem.
Also, Andrew Uaboi, vice president and Cluster head, Visa West Africa, said AI had significantly lowered the barriers to entry for fraudsters.
“What once required deep technical skill can now be executed with a prompt,” Uaboi said.
He said intelligence-driven defence and coordinated action across the ecosystem were becoming increasingly critical to protecting consumers from emerging threats.
Kaspersky has released its Sustainability Report for 2024–2025, outlining how the company is working toward a safer and more resilient digital future.
The report reflects Kaspersky’s broader commitment to responsible business — protecting people and organisations from cyberthreats, supporting law enforcement cooperation, investing in secure technologies, and helping strengthen the digital resilience of societies and economies.
In 2024-2025, the company continued advancing digital sustainability and strengthening global cyber resilience, reducing thedisruption, financial losses and social risks caused by cyber incidents, and enabling safer and more stable conditions for digital adoption across economies and societies.
Over the period, the number of detected advanced persistent threat (APT) groups and operations has increased significantly — by 74% compared to 2023, supported by intelligence gathered through five dedicated Expertise Centers.
Building a safer cyberworld
A significant part of Kaspersky’s social impact comes from the company’s cooperation with global law enforcement agencies. During the reporting period, the company contributed to joint operations with INTERPOL and AFRIPOL that resulted in the arrest of more than 2,600 suspected cybercriminals.
From a sustainability perspective, this shrinks the opportunities attackers can exploit — making digital environments safer for governments, businesses and individuals, and lowering the long-term economic and social costs associated with cyber incidents.
During the reporting period, Kaspersky formalised its collaborations with AFRIPOL, signing a five-year cooperation agreement, and delivered cybersecurity training to law enforcement representatives from 23 African countries, covering the fundamentals of Security Operations Center (SOC) operations and advanced threat hunting techniques.
This capacity-building work has a compounding effect: as local teams become more capable of independently detecting and responding to threats, the overall resilience of the digital ecosystem increases, while the cost and duration of cyber incidents decrease over time.
Implementing future tech
To effectively protect people, businesses and public institutions from evolving cyberthreats, Kaspersky constantly improves its security solutions and conducts cybersecurity research to stay one step ahead of attackers.
In 2024–2025 the company was granted 155 patents, including 135 AI-related ones. Its global R&D team of around 3,000 employees also produced 373 research publications. Together, these efforts help advance the baseline of secure technologies available to the market.
This reduces systemic vulnerability in digital infrastructure and supports more stable technological adoption at scale.
Responsible innovation frameworks further reinforce this effect. By joining the European Commission’s AI Pact and supporting the UN Global Digital Compact, Kaspersky has aligned its development practices with emerging global governance standards.
This contributes to sustainability by helping reduce the risks of unsafe AI deployment, such as misuse, bias or system exploitation, which could otherwise undermine trust in digital transformation.
The company’s Cyber Immunity approach, implemented through KasperskyOS, adds another layer of long-term sustainability impact by shifting security from reactive protection to architectural resilience.
Instead of repeatedly patching vulnerabilities, systems are designed to be inherently resistant to compromise, which reduces maintenance overhead, lifecycle risk and resource inefficiency in securing digital environments.
Among the new product launches, the Kaspersky eSIM Store expanded the company’s offering beyond cybersecurity into mobile connectivity. By reducing reliance on physical SIM cards and making global mobile access more seamless, the solution supports more sustainable travel and digital lifestyles.
Together with that, Kaspersky also released Kaspersky Cloud Workload Security for protecting cloud workloads wherever they reside: on servers or virtual machines, or in private, public, or hybrid clouds, etc.
“At Kaspersky, we see cybersecurity not only as a technology issue, but as a social one. Every day, people rely on digital services to work, communicate, study, receive services and manage their lives and they need to be able to do this safely.
“That is why our sustainability agenda starts with our core expertise: protecting people, organisations and critical systems from cyberthreats. But it also goes further — through responsible innovation, transparency, partnerships and support for communities.
“This report shows how our technologies, research and cooperation with partners translate into practical impact: fewer risks, stronger resilience and a safer digital environment for everyone,” said Maria Losyukova, Head of ESG & Sustainability at Kaspersky.
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