Telecom
ITU’s ‘Handbook for Monitoring Stations’ Turns 50: A brief history

The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) is celebrating the 150th anniversary which coincided with another important milestone in ITU’s history: 50 years ago, the XIth Plenary Assembly of the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR, the predecessor of part of today’s ITU-R Radiocommunication Sector) (Oslo, 1966) adopted a Resolution on developing the first ITU handbook which was to bear the title “Handbook for Monitoring Stations”.
ITU in its blog post shared the milestone as marked the beginning of work in ITU to provide administrations with practical guidelines which, unlike CCIR Recommendations and reports on important but disparate aspects of a given radiocommunications topic, would include systematic and detailed information on specific areas of radiocommunications.
Responsibility for development of the handbook lay with the CCIR Study Group VIII (Monitoring), which, together with Study Group I (Transmitters) and Study Group II (Receivers) set about preparing the necessary material.
In order to expedite publication of finished chapters without waiting for all 19 mandated chapters (see Table below) to be completed, the CCIR Secretariat was instructed to issue the handbook in loose-leaf form!
The full version of more than 500 pages was finally completed in 1979.
Given the need to update the Handbook to keep pace with the development of new terrestrial and space radio communication systems and improvements in monitoring technology, it was decided that a new Chapter 20 should be added: “Monitoring of radio emissions from spacecraft at fixed monitoring stations”.
Despite the apparent simplicity of the task, the process of updating was very time-consuming for various reasons, the new edition was published only in 1988 as a standard format book of 436 pages.
Early 1990s: Fundamental changes spur major revisions
The publication of this edition coincided with fundamental changes in the field of spectrum management and radio communication systems development.
At the beginning of the 1990s, significant changes in regulation in a number of ITU Member States, privatization of radio communication enterprises, and advances in the development of digital radio communication systems based on novel modulation methods and solid-state technology, led to sustained and rapid growth in demand for radio frequencies and thus created a need for improved spectrum monitoring.
Monitoring technology underwent far‑reaching computerization and automation, so that a fundamental revision of the Handbook became urgently needed.
The next edition, which was now entitled “Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring”, appeared in 1995, following work by a special Group of Experts of Working Party 1C set up by Study Group 1.
The layout of this edition was significantly improved compared to its predecessor. General and organizational issues were set out in the first two chapters, “Purpose of spectrum monitoring” and “Monitoring stations”.
Measurement of all emission parameters, as well as direction finding and location, were dealt with in the third chapter, “Measurements”.
The fourth chapter, “Special monitoring systems and procedures”, was devoted to monitoring of specific radio systems, which for the first time included cellular and personal communication systems as well as microwave communication links.
The fifth chapter, “Technical procedures”, dealt with various auxiliary procedures and elements including maps, calculation of intermodulation components and harmonics, global positioning systems, and so on. Annex 1 contained planning guidance for radio monitoring system conception, and Annex 2 dealt with industry capabilities for spectrum management and monitoring.
An ITU ‘best seller’
The 1995 edition took the form of a standard format book of 442 pages, with a separate 16-page booklet containing advertising for the firms listed in Annex 2.
This was ITU’s first experiment with advertising in a handbook. Revenue from the advertisements made it possible to reduce the cost of the Handbook to CHF 50 per copy, and the 1995 edition was an ITU “best seller” for a number of years.
Subsequent editions in 2002 (585 pages), with a Supplement in 2008 (194 pages) and 2011 (659 pages), retained the basic structure of the 1995 edition, although the material content was considerably enhanced and supplemented to reflect the ongoing development of radio systems and of monitoring systems and equipment.
Around 3000 copies of the 1995, 2002 and 2011 editions have been sold as of 16 February 2016. The 2011 edition with other relevant information is available free of charge in electronic form from the following ITU site: http://www.itu.int/pub/R-HDB-23.
Since 1995, the Handbook has been published in all six ITU languages (English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French).
The authors of this article were actively involved in drafting the text of the Handbook between 1988 and 2011.
Dr. Alexander Pavlyuk (Russian Federation), Dean of ITU-R’s Study Group 1 on Spectrum Management. He has worked in the ITU spectrum management field throughout the last third of ITU’s 150-year-old history!
Albert Nalbandian (Armenia), Chairman of the Regional Commonwealth in the Field of Communications (RCC) Working Group on preparation for the World Radiocommunication Conference-19/Radiocommunication Assembly-19. Since 1976, he has participated in ITU studies on radiocommunications.
Telecom
Terra Moves to Expand in African Drone Sector, Secures $22m Funding

Olugbenga Agboola, Flutterwave CEO has joined a $22 million funding extension for Nigerian defensetech start-up Terra Industries as Africa’s fast-growing drone and security technology sector begins to attract capital far beyond traditional venture circles.

The round was led by Lux Capital, with participation from Agboola through Resilience17 Capital and returning investors including 8VC and Nova Global.
It follows an $11.75 million raise just weeks earlier, bringing Terra’s total funding to $34 million as the company accelerates expansion into high-risk security markets.
Terra, founded in 2024 by 24-year-old chief engineer Maxwell Maduka and CEO Nathan Nwachuku, builds autonomous drones and surveillance systems designed to protect critical infrastructure such as energy facilities, logistics corridors and industrial sites. The startup says it is already safeguarding assets worth billions of dollars while securing early federal and commercial contracts.
Agboola’s involvement highlights a broader shift in African tech investment patterns. While fintech has long dominated venture flows, escalating infrastructure sabotage and terrorism threats have elevated demand for locally developed security hardware.
“Nigeria’s drone ecosystem is rapidly evolving from hobbyist and mapping use cases toward industrial monitoring, border surveillance and energy protection, areas increasingly seen as foundational to economic stability.
“This is about backing infrastructure security at scale. Africa’s growth depends on resilient systems that protect critical assets,” said Agboola.
Terra CEO Nwachuku is adamant that locally engineered systems are better suited to African operating conditions. “We are building tools designed for the realities on the ground. Security technology should not always be imported when local innovation can respond faster and more effectively,” he stated.
Lux Capital partner Brandon Reeves underlined that the investor appetite, which has drawn fintech heavyweight interest such as Agboola, reflects rising cross-sector confidence in African defense technology as a commercial category. “Security is a prerequisite for economic growth,” he said.
“As Terra ramps production and expands regionally, its funding milestone illustrates a wider transformation. Drone and autonomous security platforms are no longer peripheral experiments but emerging pillars in Africa’s technology landscape, where fintech leaders and venture capital converge around safeguarding the infrastructure powering the continent’s next growth phase,” said Reeves
Telecom
Temu Assures Compliance Amid Nigeria Data Privacy Probe

Temu, the global e-commerce platform expanding in Nigeria, has officially addressed an inquiry from the Nigeria Data Protection Commission (NDPC) over alleged data privacy violations, confirming its commitment to compliance with the Nigeria Data Protection Act (NDPA) 2023.

Temu
The company’s response follows NDPC’s investigation into Temu’s data processing practices.
In a statement to Nigeria CommunicationsWeek, Temu stressed its dedication to local and international data protection standards, noting ongoing communication with the regulator. “At Temu, protecting user privacy and data security is a top priority. We are committed to complying with applicable laws and regulations in our data practices,” the statement read.
Temu further affirmed: “We can confirm that Temu has received the inquiry and is engaging with the Commission. We will continue to engage in open and constructive dialogue with the NDPC to address any questions or concerns.”
Under Dr. Vincent Olatunji’s leadership, NDPC has ramped up scrutiny of foreign digital platforms to safeguard Nigerian citizens’ personal data—from contact details to financial information—ensuring transparent and secure handling. For e-commerce giants like Temu, managing vast consumer data volumes demands strict regulatory alignment to sustain operations and trust in Africa’s biggest economy.
Industry observers view Temu’s proactive stance as a savvy bid to ease tensions, mirroring Nigeria’s firm handling of platforms like X (formerly Twitter) and fintechs. This engagement underscores NDPC’s rising clout, compelling investors and foreign entrants to prioritise data compliance costs.
Nigeria CommunicationsWeek sees Temu’s approach as a model for global retailers eyeing Nigeria’s booming digital retail sector through 2026.
Telecom
Nigeria has Capacity for Real-Time Electronic Transmission – Telcos

Engr. Gbenga Adebayo, chairman of the Association of Licensed Telecom Operators of Nigeria (ALTON), has said Nigeria possesses adequate telecom infrastructure to support real-time electronic transmission of election results.

Telcos
Speaking on concerns raised about the country’s readiness, Adebayo insisted that any assessment of telecom coverage not issued by the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) should be treated with caution.
“On what survey or data is the Senate basing its claim of inadequate telecom infrastructure?” he asked. “Currently, more than 70 percent of the country is covered by 3G and 4G networks. 5G coverage stands at about 11 percent, while the remaining areas are served by 2G.”
He added that even 2G networks are capable of supporting electronic transmission of results.
“I don’t know the source of the Senate’s information, but imposing a blanket ban on electronic transmission based on incomplete or inaccurate claims about infrastructure and investment is not justified,” he said.
Adebayo acknowledged that security challenges in about two states have made it risky for telecom operators to maintain facilities in certain locations.
However, he stressed that such issues could be addressed collectively by relevant stakeholders rather than concluding that the entire country is unprepared for electronic transmission.
His position aligns with that of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), which in 2022 dismissed similar concerns.
INEC had explained that in areas with temporary network challenges, results uploaded to its iREV portal would automatically transmit once the devices entered locations with network coverage.
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