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Key Considerations in Using a Web Application Firewall

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Anton Jacobsz, managing director at Networks Unlimited
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Cyber security specialists are realising more and more the growing danger of application layer threats to a network.

While there is no denying the need to remain aware of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, application layer attacks are very difficult to detect and provide little or no advanced warning before attacking your applications.

This is according to Simon McCullough, major channel account manager at F5, the specialist in application delivery networking and technology for the delivery of web applications, as well as security and network and cloud resources.

McCullough said, “Administrators and security teams are finding it increasingly difficult to keep up-to-date with the latest attacks and protection measures. Applications are the gateway to data and data is what hackers are after. In an attack on applications, traditional network firewalls are not a defence. Here, you need a web application firewall (WAF).

“As we become increasingly aware of the dangers posed by application layer threats, it is useful to revisit the F5 White Paper, ‘Key Considerations in Choosing a Web Application Firewall’, which notes that a robust WAF is a requirement of network security. This has come about in a cyber landscape in which enterprises are extending their businesses by using more web-based and cloud-hosted applications, which in turn are inviting increasingly sophisticated attacks that threaten enterprise data.”

McCullough said the White Paper offers a number of useful considerations in choosing your WAF.

He noted that the first consideration is the choice of WAF deployment model, which includes: hardware WAF appliance to protect critical applications maintained in a traditional data centre; deploying a WAF as a software-based virtual edition (VE), which is a cost-effective option for small-to-medium-size businesses or those wanting to deploy protections closer to the app; and cloud-based WAF (WAF-as-a-Service) to intercept web traffic before it enters the network or reaches the server in the cloud.

He said, “The White Paper distinguishes between initial basic considerations when deploying a WAF, and further advanced considerations.”

Basic considerations when deploying a WAF

Network architecture and application infrastructure
Web application firewalls are designed to watch and respond to HTTP/S traffic. They are most often deployed as appliances in the line of traffic between the requester and the application server, inspecting requests and responses before forwarding them. Inline deployments tend to be most effective in actively blocking malicious traffic based on policies and rules that must be applied judiciously to avoid dropping legitimate traffic. A WAF can also be deployed “out of band”, which allows the WAF to observe traffic from a monitoring port. This non-intrusive “passive” deployment option is ideal for testing the WAF without impacting on traffic, yet still enabling the WAF to block malicious requests.

Security effectiveness and detection techniques
Today’s leading WAFs employ a combination of techniques to ensure accurate detection coverage that does not block legitimate traffic.

Traditionally, the most widely used WAF configuration has been a negative security model, which allows all transactions except those that contain a threat/ attack.

In recent years, positive security models have become popular. This approach blocks all traffic, allowing only those transactions that are known to be valid and safe. The positive approach is based on strict content validation and statistical analysis.

An integrated positive and negative approach can also be implemented.

Performance, high availability and reliability
WAF capabilities should include these features:

  •        Caching copies of regularly requested web content to reduce repeated requests to back-end servers.
  •        Automatic content compression to provide for more efficient network transport.
  •        Hardware-based SSL acceleration to speed SSL processing and reduce the burden on back-end web servers.
  •        Load balancing web requests across multiple back-end web servers to optimise performance.
  •        Connection pooling to reduce back-end server TCP overhead by allowing multiple requests to use the same back-end connection.

Virtual patching and scanner integration
Although developers apply best practices in secure coding, and perform adequate security testing of applications, all applications are prone to vulnerabilities. Additional tools are needed to detect, validate and patch software exposures until a new application code is made available.

Virtual patching requires no immediate changes to the software, and it allows organisations to secure applications immediately upon dynamic application testing. Virtual patches are a key component of a strong WAF, often requiring integration with a vulnerability scanner.

PCI DSS compliance
Malicious attacks designed to steal sensitive credit card information are increasing, with more and more security breaches and data thefts occurring daily. The PCI DSS requirements have been revised in an attempt to prevent these types of attacks and keep customer data secure.

Protection against application attacks
With the continued growth of multi-layered attacks, IT managers need a strong WAF solution. A good WAF ensures application security and availability by providing comprehensive geolocation attack protection from layer 7 DDoS, SQL injection, Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Top Ten application security risks, cross-site scripting, and zero-day web application attacks. It also can prevent execution of fraudulent transactions, stop in-browser session hijacking, and secure AJAX applications and JSON payloads.

When evaluating a WAF, make sure you understand the full scope of protections it offers to ensure that your business receives the best coverage.

Data classification of protected applications
More and more attackers are encrypting their attacks, therefore your WAF solution needs to be able to understand the application and the data that it is protecting. If that data is encrypted, your WAF must be able to decrypt the information and then classify the data within the apps in order to provide additional protection. A strong WAF can terminate SSL traffic, expose what is inside it, and make security decisions based on the encrypted data.

Visibility and reporting
Reports provide visibility into attack and traffic trends, long-term data aggregation for forensics, acceleration of incident response, and identification of unanticipated threats before exposure occurs. Many WAFs also integrate with database security products to give administrators a real-time view into the operation of their websites, and provide reports on web-based attempts to gain access to sensitive data, subvert the database, or execute denial of service (DoS) attacks against the database.

Advanced considerations when deploying a WAF
McCullough notes further advanced considerations when deploying a WAF, as set out by the F5 White Paper, as follows:

  •        Automatic attack detection to identify more evasive bot sequences that may escape traditional detection methods, and identify unauthorised, automated attacks upon the first attempt to access an application.
  •        Device ID and fingerprinting in order to identify a client.
  •        SSL offload to other network resources, allowing applications to dedicate important CPU resources to other processing tasks, which can improve performance.
  •        Behavioural analysis to understand volumetric traffic patterns and scan for anomalous behavior, as well as assess average server response time, transactions per second, and sessions that request too much traffic – to use as a baseline for determining whether an attack has commenced.
  •        Security operations centre: A responsive security team should include experts who analyse threats and malware, and who reverse engineer code to uncover how attacks work and how to mitigate them. The WAF vendor should work with you to mitigate threats as they arise, as well as enhance your organisation’s own security practices.
  •        Anti-fraud capabilities: More advanced WAF solutions integrate with web fraud detection services to simplify deployment, streamline reporting, and strengthen the overall application security posture by thwarting requests from validated fraudsters.
  •        Ease of management: You should be able to deploy your WAF with security policies that immediately address common attacks on web applications, including HTTP(S) attacks.
  •        Scalability and performance: Organisations need to ensure application availability, even when under attack.
  •        Vendor release cycle: With the threat landscape changing so quickly, vendors that offer more frequent release can help decrease your window of exposure and reduce the risk of your applications becoming compromised by a new or emerging threat.

Anton Jacobsz, managing director at Networks Unlimited, a value-added distributor of F5 in Africa, concludes, “Application attacks have definitely been increasing over the past few years, due to the increasing proliferation of useful web apps which, concomitantly, increase a network’s vulnerability. Web application firewalls detect and block malicious attacks woven into safe-looking website traffic that may have slipped through the traditional security solutions, by examining incoming HTTP requests before they even reach the server.”
 


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NITDA Okays NiRA’s Annual, Business Report

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National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA) has said it has granted approval to the 2025 Annual Report and 2026 Business Plan of the Nigeria Internet Registration Association (NiRA).

NITDA Okays NiRA’s Annual, Business Report

The Agency, through an official statement it released on Sunday, also revealed that the “nation’s active .ng domains have hit a total of 241,000.”

Hajiya Hadiza Umar, director of Corporate Communications, NITDA, who signed the statement disclosed that the approval came during a strategic meeting at NITDA headquarters, Abuja, where Adesola Akinsanya, president, NiRA led members of the association’s board to present its 2026 vision to NITDA.

According to NITDA, the endorsement will ensure the acceleration of the adoption of Nigeria’s country code top-level domain, .ng.

It was also disclosed that through the endorsement, both organisations have pledged to strengthen collaboration towards increasing the adoption of .ng domains across Nigeria and supporting the Federal Government’s digital economy agenda.

The statement also noted that  Kashifu Inuwa Abdullahi, director general, NITDA has directed NiRA to work closely with NITDA’s e-Governance and Digital Economy Department to ensure effective implementation, project monitoring and regular progress reporting.

‎You have my full approval for these initiatives. Let us change our strategy, sync up more closely, and ensure everything we have agreed upon during this presentation is fully implemented by next year,” Inuwa stated.

‎Speaking on the association’s achievements in 2025, Akinsanya disclosed that NiRA recorded 98,285 new domain registrations, 71,470 renewals and 1,970 restorations, bringing the total number of active .ng domains to 241,000.

‎He said that beyond the growth in registrations, NiRA strengthened the security of Nigeria’s internet ecosystem through the implementation of Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC), while also improving registrar support and stakeholder engagement.

‎According to him, the association’s 2026 strategy is focused on positioning .ng and .gov.ng domains as the preferred digital identity platforms for government institutions, businesses and citizens.

‎Akinsanya praised NITDA for its continued support and called for joint awareness campaigns and digital capacity-building initiatives to encourage wider adoption among state governments, local councils and public institutions.

‎He further revealed that NiRA is upgrading its internal systems through increased automation and constitutional reforms aligned with global best practices to ensure long-term sustainability.

NiRA is looking into deeper stakeholder engagement and moving into areas where we see massive possibilities. We are specifically targeting startups and aligning with tech events across the country. With stronger collaboration, we can drive widespread adoption across every tier of government,” he said.

 

 

 


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FG Seeks Inclusive, Human-centred Artificial Intelligence Policies

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The Federal Government has called for the development of inclusive and human-centred artificial intelligence policies that protect workers’ rights and prevent job losses while harnessing the technology’s potential to drive economic growth and productivity.

The Minister of Labour and Employment, Dr. Muhammad Dingyadi, made the call during the 114th Session of the International Labour Conference in Geneva, Switzerland, while responding to the report of the Chairperson of the Governing Body and the Director-General of the International Labour Organisation, titled “A Moment of Choice: Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Decent Work,” on Thursday.

Dingyadi said the rapid advancement of AI is transforming labour markets, workplace practices and employment relationships globally, creating both opportunities and challenges for governments, employers and workers.

He noted that while AI can stimulate innovation, improve productivity and expand economic opportunities, it also poses significant risks, including job displacement, widening inequalities and the erosion of the human role in some sectors of the economy.

“The world is moving forward at a rapid pace, underpinned by advances in AI, and we as an organisation must match that pace. While welcoming the positive transformations AI offers, we are also pondering the uncertainties it connotes.

“These shifts, despite their benefits, also cast a dark cloud of uncertainty. Where AI creates new jobs, there may be job losses. Where digital and AI infrastructures are created, there may be a loss of the traditional role and value of the human factor in the work process. We therefore need a balanced approach that ensures that, while harnessing the benefits of AI, the attendant risks do not rob our societies of the gains of decent work,” he said.

The minister commended the ILO leadership for its commitment to advancing the organisation’s mandate despite mounting global economic and social challenges.

Highlighting Nigeria’s efforts to position itself within the rapidly evolving digital economy, Dingyadi said the Federal Government had established the Ministry of Communications, Innovation and Digital Economy to spearhead policies aimed at accelerating technological development and strengthening the country’s competitiveness.

According to him, Nigeria has already begun integrating digital technologies and AI into governance systems through the automation of civil service processes and public service delivery.

“I’m also pleased to inform you that Nigeria is steadily harnessing the gains of this initiative in our Public Service. There is the service-wide automation of civil service processes and communication with AI playing a significant role. Additionally, platform work is gaining ground,” he said.

The minister also welcomed ongoing discussions within the ILO on regulating work in the platform economy, stressing the need for labour standards that protect workers engaged in emerging forms of employment created by digital technologies.

Beyond AI, Dingyadi reiterated Nigeria’s longstanding call for reforms within the ILO, urging member states to accelerate the ratification of the 1986 Amendment to the organisation’s Constitution and review the criteria used to determine countries of Chief Industrial Importance.

He argued that such reforms would promote greater inclusivity, fairness and regional representation within the ILO’s governance structures.

The minister further urged countries to align the ILO Centenary Declaration and the Global Coalition for Social Justice with national development priorities to ensure that technological innovation contributes to social progress and decent work.

Nigeria’s intervention comes amid growing global debate over the impact of artificial intelligence on jobs and the future of work.

According to international labour and development agencies, AI is expected to automate some routine tasks while simultaneously creating new employment opportunities in technology, data science, digital services and other emerging sectors.

However, concerns persist that workers in administrative, clerical and repetitive occupations could face significant disruptions if governments fail to implement policies that support skills development, social protection and workforce transition.

The issue has become a central focus of discussions at the ongoing International Labour Conference, where governments, employers and workers’ representatives are examining how AI can be deployed in ways that promote productivity and economic growth without undermining labour rights, job security and social justice.

For Nigeria, the conversation is particularly significant as the country pursues an ambitious digital transformation agenda aimed at expanding broadband access, growing the digital economy and creating millions of technology-driven jobs for its youthful population.

Experts have repeatedly stressed that achieving these goals will require investments in digital skills, education and worker protections to ensure that the benefits of AI are broadly shared across society.


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Kaspersky Reveals Credential Abuse Techniques Rank as Attackers’ Most Effective Tactic

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According to a recent global report by Kaspersky Security Services, password guessing and valid account misuse rank among the most effective tactics used by cyber criminals in 2025.

This trend reflects a strategic shift, as attackers move away from triggering endpoint protection with noisy malware, in preference of leveraging legitimate access to evade detection.

The ‘Anatomy of a Cyber World’ is an in-depth global report based on data gathered from Kaspersky Managed Detection and Response (MDR), Incident Response (IR), Compromise Assessment and SOC Consulting in 2025. It covers the most common adversary techniques, tools and detection scenarios and highlights the peculiarities of detected incidents.

According to the report, a significant portion of the most frequently monitored attack techniques revolves around credentials and identity management. This analysis, which examines the conversion rates* of various Indicators of Attack (IoA), highlights the following prevalent malicious tactics:

Password guessing – 34.8%. This technique entails attackers systematically trying different passwords until successfully gaining access to an account. It tops the conversion list due to its occurrence in both actual attacks and authorised security assessments, making it a persistent threat in today’s cybersecurity landscape. Organisations who rely on weak or reused passwords continues to enable this age-old strategy.

Local account creation – 34.7%. Once inside a system, attackers frequently create new local accounts to maintain access even if their original foothold is discovered and removed. This technique is frequently observed during security exercises and can be detected — but only with the right telemetry in place, which is often lacking.

Valid account abuse – 34.5%. Instead of deploying malware, attackers log in using stolen or compromised credentials and simply blend in with normal user activity. This makes detection significantly harder, as the access itself appears legitimate. The high conversion rate underscores why compromised credentials remain one of the most dangerous attack vectors.

Account manipulation – 32%. Attackers modify existing accounts to consolidate access such as by activating disabled accounts, altering group memberships, or escalating privileges. This reinforces the broader pattern — rather than introducing new tools, adversaries deepen their control using what is already there.

Network service discovery – 31.2%. Before moving deeper into a network, attackers typically scan for open services and systems they can reach. This reconnaissance step is a strong predictor of what follows: lateral movement and further exploitation. Detecting it early provides security teams a critical window to intervene.

The report ranks attacker techniques by how frequently observed activity ultimately resulted in confirmed malicious incidents. According to Kaspersky experts, while MITRE ATT&CK® catalogs a vast number of adversary techniques, effective detection requires prioritising behaviours with the highest probability of malicious intent while avoiding excessive false positives.

“Threat actors do not always need sophisticated malware to achieve their objectives. In many cases, legitimate administrative tools and compromised accounts remain the fastest and most effective way to move inside an organisation while avoiding detection.

The continued popularity of these techniques shows that organisations need deep visibility into attacker behaviour and the ability to correlate suspicious activity across different stages of an attack.

To address these challenges, companies can enhance their security with our solutions: Kaspersky Managed Detection and Response and Incident Response which cover the entire incident management cycle – from threat detection to continuous protection and remediation,” comments Sergey Soldatov, Head of Security Operations Center at Kaspersky.


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