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Shedding Light on the African Shadow Economy

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Daniel Monehin, Division President for Sub-Saharan Africa at Mastercard
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Daniel Monehin, Division President for Sub-Saharan Africa at Mastercard discusses the Grey Economy at the Mastercard Prepaid and Government Conference 2017

The Informal Economy, or if you have a penchant for the more colourful descriptor, the “Shadow” or “Grey” Economy, is typically the term used to refer to the portion of a country’s economy that transact exclusively in cash, thus making it infinitely more difficult to include these economic activities in any form of official statistics, oversight, taxation and regulation.

According to the OECD, two-thirds of the world’s workers will be employed in the Grey Economy by 2020. The issue is compounded when you consider the significant contribution the Grey Economy makes to any emerging market’s GDP.

By and large, it’s an issue created by the lack of inclusion, and the lack of access to formal financial infrastructure, especially in economies where wealth and assets are not distributed equitably. Folding the informal sector in with the formal sector is probably one of the most significant policy-making challenges 21st century governments face.

First coined in the 1970s, the Grey Economy was thought to be a temporary phenomenon which would shrink, even disappear, once countries achieved sufficient levels of economic growth, and modern industrial development.

Today, more than 40 years after its characterization, the Grey Economy can no longer be considered a “temporary phenomenon”; if economic growth is not accompanied by equitable income distribution, or an equal rise in employment levels, then we see an increase in the growth of the Grey Economy.

In fact, in Sub-Saharan Africa, informal employment accounts for a significant share of total non-agricultural employment, ranging from 33 percent in South Africa to 82 percent in Mali. Admittedly, by the very virtue of the nature of the Grey Economy, it is impossible to provide anything more than estimates in this regard.

Most citizens in emerging economies don’t join the informal economy by choice – it is very much a byproduct of the citizenry’s need for survival, providing for themselves and their families; it is essential for any human being to be able to have access to basic income generating activities.

Therein lies our opportunity – bringing this informal economy into the fold, by affording previously-excluded individuals access to basic financial services. While we don’t believe that the Grey Economy will ever be completely eliminated, we can certainly reduce the shadow-cash it generates by continuously building the tools that drive financial inclusion in all markets, not just the developing markets.

Mastercard has made tremendous inroads in several African markets, by equipping governments, local entrepreneurs, merchants, traders and the like with the tools to formalize payments through digitization and generate sustainable growth.

Our role at Mastercard is trying to lower, or even eliminate, the barrier to entry to the formal economy, and our spirits are buoyed by some of the successes we’ve had in the last few short months.

Consider a service like 2KUZE, launched in Kenya in January, or eKilimo, launched in Tanzania earlier in March – services that are connecting several thousand farmers, merchants, agents and large buyers in their respective markets to basic services for them to conduct their business, empower themselves and their employees, and providing for their families, transitioning from the informal to formal economy seemingly overnight.

By its very nature, the characteristics of a shadow/grey economy is largely negative – it can easily trap employees and enterprises alike in a spiral of low productivity and poverty. By working with our various governmental partners, Mastercard stands firm in its commitment to empower 100-million Africans to join the formal economy by 2020.

 


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E-Financial

CBN Expresses Concern Over Foreign Investments in Nigeria Fintechs

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The Central Bank of Nigeria in its 2025 Fintech Policy Insight Report, has raised concern over Nigeria’s fintech sector heavily dependent on foreign investment, exposing it to swings in global markets.

The report said the sector has shown resilience despite global economic pressures, but warned that reliance on external capital leaves it vulnerable to market fluctuations.

It would be recalled that startups in the country raised $520m in equity funding in 2024, down from about $747m in 2019, when Nigeria captured roughly 37 per cent of all African startup investment.

This performance, amid significant global macroeconomic gyrations, underscores Nigeria’s position as a key hub for financial innovation. The sharp rise in interest rates in advanced economies during 2022 contributed to a slowdown in venture capital funding.

“These dynamics highlight the importance of developing domestic funding avenues, such as leveraging Nigeria’s capital markets, to reduce currency risk and sustain fintech growth,” the apex bank stated.

Olayemi Cardoso, CBN Governor, said Nigeria is undergoing a rapid and significant financial evolution. Over the past decade, the nation’s fintech landscape has grown from a handful of startups into one of Africa’s most vibrant innovation ecosystems.

“Even amid global economic headwinds, Nigerian fintech firms continued to attract investment and drive change. Today, with improved stability of our currency and domestic economy, it is clearer than ever that financial innovation can advance inclusion at scale,” the executive commented on the report.

In addition to funding, the central bank underscored Nigeria’s continued leadership in digital financial infrastructure. More than 25 per cent of all electronic transactions in Africa’s most populous nation are processed via real-time payment channels, with close to 11 billion transactions processed in 2024, up from five billion in 2022. The report described Nigeria’s instant payments platform, NIBSS NIP, as among the most mature and widely adopted globally.

The report also mentioned the need to strengthen system integrity and reputation, pointing to compliance reforms, anti-money laundering supervision, and consumer protection measures as key priorities for sustaining investor confidence.

By focusing on domestic funding, regulatory modernisation, and innovation infrastructure, the CBN aims to position Nigeria not only as a fintech front-runner but also as a rule-setter whose regulatory lessons are relevant to peer emerging and high-growth economies globally, the central bank said.

Stakeholders surveyed by the CBN also cited compliance costs as a significant challenge to innovation. According to the report, 87.5 per cent of respondents said that the cost of meeting regulatory and risk requirements significantly impacts their capacity to innovate, while delays in product approvals and regulatory timelines also remain major bottlenecks.

The report noted that 62.5 per cent of fintech firms plan to expand regionally, and there is strong support for regulatory pass-porting frameworks to enable compliant expansion into other African markets. However, the CBN warns that such cross-border growth requires a stable funding base and coordinated regulation.

 


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UBA’s Easy and Instant Account Opening Thrills Returnee

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After a few years abroad, I returned to Nigeria and faced a dilemma. Let me tell you all about it.

UBA's Easy and Instant Account Opening Thrills Returnee

UBA

A few days ago, I was dragging my luggage through Murtala Muhammed International Airport. Everything felt bright and beautiful. Not necessarily in aesthetics, but in the vibrant colours, sounds, and energy all around. After three intensive years in the UK, I was finally back home. Ready for the hustle and bustle of Lagos life, and yes, the comfort of my parents’ home.

The plan was simple. Settle down and get my life on track. I’d sorted the job, and I had my person. But then came my dilemma. Money!. This doesn’t mean I was short of it or had too much of it. The real issue is where to actually keep and manage it in this country with daily dramatic happenings. With just two weeks left before I resumed at my new workplace, I had no time for long queues, endless paperwork, or the classic “Nigeria bank stress.” So, I needed an account, and I needed it fast.

So I turned to my best friend, Google, and typed, “Instant account opening in Nigeria.”

In less than a second, I was redirected to the United Bank for Africa instant account opening portal. A few taps later, and I had a fully functional account. Just like that. I could receive my funds, transfer my funds, and start building my financial life here again.

In less than a second, I was redirected to the United Bank for Africa instant account opening portal. A few taps later, and I had a fully functional account. Just like that. I could receive my funds, transfer my funds, and start building my financial life here again. Talk about ease, and this beautiful experience truly exemplified that definition

I was genuinely amazed. It felt too easy, almost suspiciously easy. But it was real, I mean, really soft like they were just thinking all about me while developing this new feature.

If you’re like me and pressed for time, avoiding unnecessary stress, or just ready to sort your finances without the hassle, consider this your sign.

UBA’s instant account opening is a game-changer. No queues to cut into your precious time. Just you and your phone, minutes away from being banked.

Get started here: https://aop.ubagroup.com

Trust me, if I could do it between unpacking and settling in, you can do it too. Your future self will thank you.


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BOI Secures CBN Nod for Sharia Banking, Unlocks Ethical Funding Boom

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Bank of Industry (BOI) has received Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) approval to launch a Non-Interest Banking (NIB) Window, expanding ethical financing for underserved businesses nationwide.

BOI Secures CBN Nod for Sharia Banking, Unlocks Ethical Funding Boom

BOI

The move positions BOI to mobilise Sharia-compliant funds, finance assets and raw materials without interest, and target MSMEs plus high-impact sectors previously sidelined by conventional loans.

Divisional Head of Public Relations, Theodora Amechi, said the window aligns BOI with social goals, boosting real economy support and sustainable industrial growth.

MD/CEO Dr. Olasupo Olusi hailed it as a “pivotal moment,” enabling the bank to serve faith-sensitive enterprises shunning riba-based loans.

Analysts see it as CBN’s vote of confidence in BOI’s governance, set to spur innovation and inclusive financing for Nigeria’s ethical business segments.

Established in 1959 as Nigeria’s top Development Finance Institution, BOI now strengthens its drive for broad-based economic transformation.


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