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Nigeria Apps Developers Individually Motivated, Economically Starving

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Tobi Asehinde, chief executive officer, Vibe Web Solutions Limited,
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Mobile Apps are really changing the way people communicate, work and play. At the global level, app development has grown into a massive, profitable industry estimated to be worth over 120 billion dollars by 2016, according to Ovum and Gartner, who hinted also that apps are winning over mobile web.

Even in Nigeria, the trend is catching-on, but challenges before apps developers are innumerable.

Most of the publicity and media spotlights currently fall on superstar consumer apps like such as Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, BBM, etc.

These success stories have certainly highlighted the massive scale and revenue potential of mobile apps, reaching from zero to billions of users in record-breaking time.

Recently, market research firm, Gartner, estimates that this year alone, mobile users across the globe will pay more than $25 billion to buy “mobile applications”, games, social net-working tools, productivity and entertainment-based mini programmes for mobile phones despite the fact that 80 per cent of these will be free downloads this year.

So far, apps have become the business with the fastest turnaround time in the software industry.

Of course, the obvious success of international apps like twitter, facebook, WassApp, EverNote, etc, has contributed to lure young Nigerians to the space.

These have helped people who have ideas see how that one simple app can become a global player in business. Now, people are taking apps or software development as a career.

Although, it is one that still in its infancy, but about five years ago it was not, probably, as common and for obvious reasons. We have seen App brands like BudgIT, Traclist, Efiko, Jobs In Nigeria, WeCyclers, Genii Games and Maliyo Games come out from Co-Creation Hub Nigeria and they are trending.

However, the state of technology, generally, in Nigeria is still not a way of life.

That whole space of application development or software industry is one that is gradually growing, because people are beginning to see more, opportunities that exist.

The odious task of making people realize how important it is to their lives holds the fulcrum to swing the ball afar.

There are glisters of hope in the industry.

For instance, Mr. Tobi Asehinde, chief executive officer, Vibe Web Solutions Limited, told Nigeria CommunicationsWeek, that there is a huge potential in app development in the Nigeria Market, especially the mobile applications because of the presence of low cost smartphone manufacturers that run Android OS.

Etching to 200 million connected lines and over 132 million active lines according to NCC statistics, it is unarguable that mobile application development has a huge potential.

Well, this is a good market share number for any mobile application owner to leverage on.

Asehinde cited TNS Africa and Middle statistics which shows that 25% of mobile line subscribers use smart phone meaning, developing an app relevant to this 25% which a population of over 25 million people is already a ready market and bargaining power. “The interesting part of the trend is that this number is growing exponentially every year,” he said.

Essentially, consumer apps are trending, however, the game changers will become enterprise apps, as organisations of all shapes and sizes are integrating mobile apps within their business processes.

This mobilisation creates a demand for off-the-shelf or custom mobile apps and services, translating into new and bigger opportunities for mobile app developers.

The Vibe Web’s CEO subscribed to this as “growing number of businesses now depend on apps like Box, Evernote and Trello to help them be more productive in their work.

Enterprises are now allowing employees to use the apps they love at work, inside the corporate Intranet. These are fanning up the desires in many young Nigerian developers to queue-in and make changes in our environment”. 

Statistics are hard to come by on the financial worth of the Nigeria’s apps market, however, Mr. Tunji Eleso, director of Incubation, Co-Creation Hub (Cc-Hub), Nigeria also told Nigeria CommunicationsWeek, optimistically that, there are prospects that soon locally developed apps will fly at the international arena, creating employments, and will shoot up the IT contributions to the nation’s gross domestic project exponentially.

He believes the notion that app publishers that target business and productivity markets have a much better chance of generating sustainable revenue than those targeting consumer markets.

“We should not forget that, although, about four year ago everybody was interested in cloning. For instance, Facebook for students, Facebook for Nigerians or Facebook for traders, it became quite obvious that it will not work, because Facebook is unique; they have the power and machinery to make it a global business. Gradually, people are shifting away from that towards solving local problems. That is why we are seeing a lot of prospects on applications that can compete globally,” he added.

He swiftly affirmed that prospects in the industry revolve round identifying challenges in one’s immediate environment, regional, Africa as a Continent; then the global relevance cannot be denied.

Eleso said, “For instance, the Tropal app, a fitness and life-style application has the potentials to serve the global market, because it is helping in galvanizing a community of people who are interested in fitness. That is locally identifiable problem, but it can be easily spotted across the globe. The truth is that scalability of the business is important; if you must play at the international arena, you cannot just be locally minded.

On how apps developers make their money, Mr. Yinka Adenaike, application Service Delivery Manager of Vibe Web Solutions Limited, said making money as a app developer is very straight forward, “you either charge for developing for others or you develop one for yourself targeting a good market niche and leverage on numbers of users of your app to get advertising revenues however, if your app is an essential tool then you can charge for each download. Basically you can even go as far charge for subscription especially if it is a mobile application for a magazine”.

But, Eleso thinks enterprise application is an interesting area. Apparently, a lot of people are not very aware of it for obvious reasons.

“So, when you have a solution that works, you need the link to be able to get into the organizations. For those in the consumer-goods-service such as good tracking, and things like that, are what people are thinking of doing. Therefore, the right network to get into places like the oil and gas industry to help with their operations or the banking sector; some people are doing it for a while, but in the current dispensation, a few people are beginning to think about enterprise apps as the way forward. Even though the market pays, but it is a very smaller market that requires technical know-how and the ability to know link up,” he added.

Literally speaking, there have been interventions to help app developers heave sigh of relief, nevertheless, the journey has not been palatable for start-ups, basically for societal misunderstanding of the relevance.

For example, the Federal Government through the Federal Ministry of Communication Technology launched the National ICT Incubation Programme tagged Information Technology Developers Entrepreneurship Accelerator (iDEA) in Lagos and Cross River States; original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) such as Samsung, Nokia, Tecno, and data & cloud management companies like Google, IBM, Microsoft, and network providers-MTN, MainOne, etc., have at some points intervened.

More so, private incubation hubs are not giving up, yet it remains a drop of water in an ocean.

As shocking as it may sound, Nigeria cannot boost of having at anytime, 50-100 app developers working on a particular project at same time.

To add insult to the injury, many government agencies are out of touch with technology, thus, they view anyone coming around as a threat.

Mr. Peter Ihesie, chief executive officer of ComplurTech, told Nigeria CommunicationsWeek how the Nigerian Police Force and societal disbelieve initially truncated the launch of iPolice app. iPolice was developed by Ihesie and his team last year as a community policing application.

Ihesie, while alluding to the growth potentials of the industry, said, “I will say that the industry is gradually growing. People are beginning to appreciate the importance of apps and with the increase in adoption of mobile devices especially the low cost devices that are hitting the market. We foresee a lot more adoption. It has been encouraging compare to what it has been in the last three years.

The future of the industry lies on the shoulders of the younger generation. They are growing up, meeting the mobile devices. They way they interact with the devices, is entirely different from the way the older generation do.

We are looking at the exactly the way they are going: gaming, enterprise; in any case, the industry has shown glisters of a multi-million dollar strength in Nigeria.

“The issue we had in the process of developing i-Police app revolved around data. It is a data intensive application. It is a personal security application that allows users access to all police contacts, emergency numbers of all the States; security situations around your neighbourhood: office, home, in fact, it is a community policing app. But the issue of data gathering to feed the app was challenging.

“If you go to the websites of relevant agencies you can get enough facts, figures or current issues addressed. Even when we contacted some police stations, they were like we are treats to them, but this is such an app they need to make their operations easy.

“Organizations that understand that technology has come to stay are now open to change. That is why those who got the hint earlier are ahead of others. For instance, GTBank is one that understands the essence of mobile apps and they quickly integrated it into their system. Today, they are recognized as the smartest bank in Nigeria. No sector should be left behind”.

To Eleso, scaling is a challenge and will continue to pose challenges in the sub-sector, because the know-how is still the biggest challenge in the market.

“Skills: people having the fundamental skills to tackle challenges and the skills to build or turn them to what people can consume. It is the biggest challenge because our university system is still not really producing talents at the rate that will help the ecosystem scale. Those we are celebrating like IrokoTv, IbakaTv, Jobberman, etc, are self-motivated. They took the time, burnt the mid-night candles to learn what they are producing today. That is not a scalable model; what we need is such that from the Secondary School level people are taught.

“That way they can take the skills and build things. I don’t think I have a team of 50-100 developers working on a particular solution. The truth is that you cannot find them in that kind of number. To develop a solution for global relevance requires a lot of skills, the OEMs giving trainings and for people to see apps or software development as a career”.

Speaking from experience, Adenaike backed up Eleso’s remarks, hence he said, the challenges faced by mobile developers are mainly around (organic) discovery and acquisition as well as retention and monetization.

“However,” he said, “This is a core issue that depends on your business idea, strategy and customer lifecycle marketing strategy. The problem here is that many app developers focus on acquisitions only rather than a process that put all four into consideration discovery, acquisition, retention and monetize. The major or end goal is to monetize, however, the idea needs to be one that would bring people back to your app, it has to be essential or encourage retention then only would your discovery and acquisition strategy yield good returns and numbers for monetizing”.

Way forward

Just as it is with social apps, it’s about analytics with mobile apps. “When you’re competing with hundreds of thousands of other mobile apps (and short user attention span), you need to figure out the essential triggers quickly.

What appeals to your highest lifetime value (LTV) users–that is, those who are more likely to spend and spread the word about your product with their friends and family? How can you keep them more engaged? What makes them return? You need to answer these questions and leverage on them,” Adenaike.

Actually, Nigeria expect that in the next three to five years the IT industry would have tripled its contribution to the nation’s GDP, because it is one area youths can be engaged.

With the right support and mentoring, it can become a very viable force for employment generation, which is another area we must look at beyond contribution to the GDP.

Also, like Eleso said, “The more you create interesting applications; technology becomes a way of life for the general masses. People still do not consume technology as a way of life and that needs to happen. The sub-sector has potentials to rival other sectors of the economy”.

It still falls back on education, education and education, which remains the currency to buy a lucrative tomorrow. Universities should start thinking of replacing boring lecture sessions with CodeCamps, to say the least.

 


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Nigeria CommunicationsWeek believes that technology makes life more exciting and helps improve the lives of people around Nigeria and indeed the world. So since 2007, we have devoted our energy to independent reportage of technology and how they affect lives.

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NDPC Asks Court  to Dismiss Meta’s Suit Challenging $32.8m Fine

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Nigeria Data Protection Commission (NDPC) has prayed the Federal High Court (FHC) in Abuja to dismiss, in its entirety, a suit filed by Meta Platforms, Inc. challenging the sanctions imposed on it.

NDPC Asks Court  to Dismiss Meta’s Suit Challenging $32.8m Fine

The NDPC had, on Feb. 18, imposed both a remedial fee of 32,800,000 million US dollars and eight corrective orders against Meta Inc.

The American multinational technology company was alleged to have violated the fundamental privacy rights of its Nigerian users with respect to behavioural advertising on Facebook and Instagram.

Dissatisfied with the action, Meta Platforms Inc., in a motion ex-parte dated and filed on Feb. 26, dragged the regulatory agency to court as sole respondent.

In the motion ex-parte marked: FHC/ABJ/CS/355/2025 and moved by Fred Onuofia, SAN, on March 4, Justice James Omotosho granted one of the two orders sought.

The judge had granted leave to Meta to commence proceedings by way of judicial-review seeking, inter alia, an order of certiorari quashing the compliance and enforcement orders dated Feb. 18 issued by NDPC against the company, “and all other investigations, proceedings and actions taken by respondent against the applicant leading to the ‘Final Orders.’”

He, however, refused to grant Meta’s relief seeking a stay of the proceedings of all matters relating to the “Final Orders” issued by NDPC against it, pending the hearing and determination of the judicial review proceedings.

Instead, the judge made an order of accelerated hearing of the suit.

The firm, in its originating summons filed by Prof. Gbolahan Elias, SAN, lead counsel,  wants the court to determine whether NDPC’s investigative process and ensuing compliance and enforcement orders (the Final Orders) issued on Feb. 18 were invalid, null and void.

Meta, in its application dated and filed March 19, hinged the question on the allegation that the commission failed to provide it with adequate notice or an opportunity to be heard on alleged violations of the NDP Act prior to issuing the “Final Orders.”

Meta argued that such action violated its due process rights, including its right to fair hearing under Section 36 of the 1999 Constitution (as amended), among other reliefs.

But NDPC, in a preliminary objection to Meta’s suit, told the court that the suit is incompetent and the court lacks the jurisdiction to entertain same.

The regulatory agency, in its application dated April 10 and filed April 11 by Adeola Adedipe, SAN, its lawyer and the head, ALPHA & ROHI Law Firm, urged the court to either strike out or dismiss the case.

Adedipe, in two grounds of argument, submitted that the originating summons filed by the company is incompetent for non-compliance with the mandatory provision of Order 34 Rule 6(1) of the FHC (Civil Procedure) Rules, 2019.

Quoting the provision, the lawyer said: “No ground shall be relied upon or any relief sought at the hearing, except the grounds and reliefs sought in the statement.”

He also argued that the suit, as presently constituted, is grossly incompetent and academic, the reliefs sought therein, not being capable of activating the jurisdiction of the court.

“The suit is liable to be struck out/dismissed, in limine,” Adedipe argued.

The NDPC, in the affidavit attached to the preliminary objection, stated that by an ex-parte motion, Meta Inc. filed the case.

The commission said that the company had filed the suit, seeking leave to apply for judicial review against the decision of the respondent taken on Feb. 18.

It averred that there was a statement made pursuant to Order 34 of the Rules of the court, supporting the said application, containing the company’s two reliefs.

It said the court granted permission on March 4 for Meta to commence the proceeding, by way of judicial review.

According to the respondent, the originating summons filed by the plaintiff was commenced on 19th March, 2025, 15 days after leave was granted for the judicial review proceedings to be commenced.

NDPC, however, contended that the reliefs contained in the originating summons were completely different from the reliefs contained in the statement filed to support the ex-parte application for judicial review.

It said it believes that this error on the part of Meta was fundamental and “the defendant/applicant (NDPC) does not intend to waive its right to object, in this regard.”

“The defendant/applicant does not intend to waive its rights in challenging these fundamental errors, which are fatal to this proceeding and jurisdiction of the court.”

The commission said it would be in the interest of justice for its objection to be sustained.

Also, in a counter affidavit deposed to by Osunleye Olatubosun, NDPC ‘s staff,  in opposition to the originating summons filed by Meta on March 19, he said the suit was brought under the judicial review procedure, primarily, to contest the decision of his office against Meta.

Olatubosun averred that in the NDPC ‘s decision, Meta was sanctioned after a protracted and thorough process of investigation.

He said the investigative power of the commission was activated by a petition written by an organisation, the Personal Data Protection Awareness Initiative (PDPAI).

The PDPAI had alleged that the company breached the data protection rights of users of Facebook and Instagram.

He averred that in the said petition, the plaintiff was alleged to be engaging in behavioural advertising without obtaining explicit consent of data subjects (users).

He said compelling evidence were provided in support of the petition, revealing Meta’s private policy showing that it conducted behavioural advertising, without obtaining consent from the data subjects.

The officer, in the counter affidavit dated and filed on April 30, described behavioural advertisement as “a special form of targeted advertising, where consumers are shown advertisements based on their behavioural data.”

He said it is a kind of advertising which collects and tracks individual sensitive information, without their knowledge or consent, to either share with third parties, or to decide specialised advertisements to be shown to the consumers.

Olatubosun said during investigation, NDPC drew the company’s attention to some very disturbing violations in this regard, especially as to non-consensual data processing activities.

He said these included the disclosure of sensitive personal data of minors relating to their sex lives; sensitive personal data of minors involving drug use; and sensitive personal data of minor pupils in school, involving erotic dancing.

He said it also revealed sponsored advertisements on gambling, involving the manipulated personal data of a female journalist on TVC; sponsored advertisement on gambling involving the manipulated personal data of a male journalist on Channels; and manipulated personal data of public figures, conspiring to commit a felony; explicit video of a woman delivering a child, with her genitals in full display, etc.

He said Meta was, therefore, found in breach of certain provisions of the Nigeria Data Protection (NDP) Act, and that its promotion of debasing images outside the expectation of concerned data subjects offended the principles of fairness, lawfulness, transparency, accountability and duty of care.

Besides, the officer said failure of the company to file a compliance audit with the commission for the year 2022, was a breach of the NDP Act.

He equally said that cross border transfer of data by Meta, contravened mandatory requirements under the NDP Act.

Olatubosun, who said that it was wrong for the plaintiff to process the data of its non-users of it platforms, added that Meta’s privacy policy violates relevant provisions of the NDP Act.

Against these development, the officer said the commission ordered the firm to, henceforth, “seek express consent of data subjects in Nigeria, where their personal data for behavioural advertising will be process.

“Carry out Data Processing Impact Assessment, taking into account the democratic development of Nigeria; update its privacy policy; cease and desist from transferring data out of Nigeria without approval of the commission, in line with the NDP Act.

“Create an appropriate icon link for educative videos, on the dangers of manipulative, unlawful and unfair data processing; put in place sufficient measures for the protection of data privacy on its platforms; and payment of 32, 800, 000 USD.”

Olatubosun said that the case lacks merit, praying the court to dismiss it.

Meanwhile, other reliefs sought by Meta in the main suit, include whether NDPC’s initiation of its investigation, based on a petition submitted by an organisation, rather than on a complaint filed by a “data subject” (as defined under Section 65 of NDPA), invalidates the investigation and the “Final Orders.”

It also prayed the court for an order of certiorari, quashing the investigation, all proceedings constituted thereby, as well as the ensuing “Final Orders” issued by the commission against it.

It equally sought an order of injunction restraining NDPC from enforcing or taking steps to enforce any or all of the orders and/or intimidating, harassing or coercing the applicant to pay the purported remedial fee as contained in the “Final Orders.”

However, Meta, in a motion on notice filed on April 23, sought to amend its statement attached to the ex-parte application, having seen through the notice of preliminary objection which was filed by Adeola Adedipe, SAN, on behalf of the commission.

Onuofia, SAN, while adopting all their processes, said the motion sought an order granting leave to the company to amend its statement pursuant to Order 34, Rule 3(2)(a) of the FHC rules.

He said it also sought an order deeming the amended statement, which had already been filed and served on NDPC as having been properly filed and served.

Giving grounds why his application should be grated, Onuofia said on March 4, the court heard and granted their motion ex-parte for leave.

He said, thereafter, Meta filed it originating summons on March 19.

The lawyer, however, told the judge that the firm sought to amend the wording of the reliefs and grounds set out in the statement to replicate the wording used in the originating summons.

He said the decision was to ensure efficiency and the full and fair hearing of the issues arising in the originating summons.

According to him, the proposed amended statement highlights the amendments that the applicant seeks permission to make to the statement.

Onuofia said the requested amendment would not cause any injustice to NDPC.

But Adedipe vehemently opposed Onuofia’s prayer seeking an amendment, urging the court to dismiss the application.

The senior counsel told the court that a counter affidavit was filed on May 2 in opposition to the motion.

He argued that the application was presumptuous and misleading.

He submitted that an amendment of a process is not as of right, but entirely at the discretion of the court, where such is practicable and lawful to do so.

Adedipe argued that the reliefs sought in a statement attached to a judicial review procedure cannot be amended, except the grounds for which the reliefs are premised.

He said the reliefs contained in the statement, are such that must be reproduced in the originating process filed, after leave had been granted for judicial review.

According to him, the applicant seeks to amend the reliefs set out in the unattached predicate “statement.”

“There can be no amendment to incompetent reliefs set out in the statement,” he said.

The lawyer argued that to concede that the reliefs contained in the predicate statement should be amended, was to make a mockery of the entire proceedings as the court had already granted the said reliefs contained in Exhibit A.

‘This is suggestive that the court already determined the substantive suit in favour of the applicant, ex-parte.

“The application before this court is not for ‘substitution’ of the reliefs, but amendment of orders or reliefs which had already been granted in the ex-parte application,” he argued.

He added that what Meta sought to do was to substitute the reliefs, under the guise of amendment.

He said the application contradicted Order 34(6)(1) of the FHC (Civil Procedure) Rules, 2019.

“It projects a lot of incongruity,” he said, arguing that there was no provision under the Rules to amend reliefs in the statement; but that only grounds of the reliefs can be amended.

Justice James Omotosho adjourned the matter until Oct. 3 for consolidated ruling on the preliminary objection and motion to amend.

 


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France Moves to Tackle Online GBV in Africa with $4.3m Funding

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France has unveiled a $4.3m grant to combat technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) against women across Africa and the Middle East.

The multi-million-dollar financial funding being released through the Agence Française de Développement (AFD) will support feminist civil society organisations (CSOs) to fight online gender-based violence such as cyberstalking and image-based exploitation

The initiative, launched under the Support Fund for Feminist Organisations, seeks to finance groups of national, international, and French CSOs over a three-to-four-year period.

The AFD emphasised that these organisations must operate in at least four countries, with three among the most vulnerable, including nations like Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Lebanon.

“TFGBV is a digital pandemic affecting millions of women and girls. We need urgent, cross-border solutions that put power back in the hands of women-led organisations,” said the French global aid agency.

Other forms of TFGBV include cyberstalking, sextortion and online harassment. According to the United Nations, 90% of African women internet users have encountered some form of online violence, often deterring their participation in public discourse.

The new AFD funding will focus on capacity-building, policy advocacy, creating safer online spaces, and promoting feminist innovation. Applications are open until August 31, 2025, with a strong emphasis on local leadership.

AFD’s call comes as part of France’s broader feminist foreign policy, which aims to channel 75% of its bilateral aid towards gender equality objectives by the end of 2025.

“Women’s rights cannot be fully realised if digital spaces remain dangerous and hostile,” added the AFD.

Interested CSOs can access the call for proposals on AFD’s website. The selected consortium will design and manage disbursement mechanisms, ensure knowledge exchange across countries, and integrate survivors’ voices into the fight against TFGBV.

France is confident that the new AFD initiative will empower women-led groups in Africa and the Middle East to scale solutions, shape policies, and build safer digital spaces.


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Olatunji, NDPC Boss Calls for Integrated Strategy on Data Privacy, Cyber-Security

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Dr Vincent Olatunji, national commissioner, Nigerian Data Protection Commission (NDPC), has emphasized that data privacy, protection, and cybersecurity are “inseparable pillars of the digital age” and must be prioritized in Nigeria’s digital transformation journey.

Olatunji, NDPC Boss Calls for Integrated Strategy on Data Privacy, Cyber-Security

Dr Vincent Olatunji, national commissioner, NDPC

Dr. Olatunji made this assertion during his keynote address titled “Data Privacy and Protection: Nigeria’s Roadmap to Compliance” at the ongoing National Cybersecurity Conference in Abuja.

He underscored that while data protection focuses on safeguarding personal information from misuse, cybersecurity protects the systems that store this data. “Data privacy is a basic human right that empowers individuals to control how their personal information is collected, used, and shared,” he said.

“Strong cybersecurity is essential to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of personal data. Conversely, robust data protection frameworks help guide effective cybersecurity practices and foster a culture of privacy.”

Highlighting Nigeria’s progress, Dr. Olatunji noted the country’s recent Tier 3 (“establishing”) ranking in the 2024 Global Cybersecurity Index and its top position in Africa particularly in the area of data protection. He traced the evolution of Nigeria’s data protection journey, culminating in the signing of the Nigeria Data Protection Act (NDP Act) 2023 by President Bola Ahmed Tinubu (GCFR).

He described the NDP Act as the cornerstone of the country’s data governance framework. “The Act regulates the processing of personal data in Nigeria and guarantees the privacy rights of individuals,” he explained.

It applies to both local and international data controllers and processors handling data of Nigerian subjects and provides clear guidelines on data collection, storage, consent, data subject rights, and penalties for non-compliance.

Dr. Olatunji cited the recent ₦766.2 million fine imposed on MultiChoice for non-compliance as an example of the Commission’s enforcement capacity. He also revealed that the NDPC has generated over ₦2 billion in the last two years, with the data protection sector now valued at ₦16.2 billion alongside the creation of numerous job opportunities.

He further highlighted ecosystem growth, citing the certification of 455 Data Protection Officers (DPOs) under the National Certification Program and verification of 3,343 Data Protection Compliance Organizations (DPCOs) by 2025.

While celebrating progress, Dr. Olatunji also pointed to key areas for improvement, including building institutional capacity, enhancing data literacy and workforce development, and strengthening collaboration across sectors.

In conclusion, he urged stakeholders to “embrace a culture of data protection, implement robust cybersecurity practices, and stay attuned to the evolving regulatory landscape” in order to reduce risks, protect assets, and support long-term national growth.

 

 

 

 

 


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