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Scientists Identify 6 Distinct Types of COVID-19

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Scientists have claimed that there are six distinct ‘types’ of Covid-19, each distinguished by a particular cluster of symptoms in patients, findings, if validated, can help physicians better diagnose and monitor those infected with the novel coronavirus.

Scientists Identify 6 Distinct Types of COVID-19

The yet-to-be peer reviewed study, published in the medRxiv preprint platform, used a machine learning algorithm to analyse data from a subset of around 1,600 users of the Covid Symptom Study app in the UK and US with confirmed Covid-19, who had regularly logged their symptoms between March and April.

It analysed if particular symptoms appeared together, and how this was related to the progression of the disease.

According to the scientists, led by those from King’s College London in the UK, the findings have major implications for the clinical management of Covid-19 patients.

“These findings have important implications for care and monitoring of people who are most vulnerable to severe Covid-19,” said Claire Steves, a co-author of the study from King’s College London.

They said the research can also help doctors predict who is most at risk and likely to need hospital care in a second wave of coronavirus infections.

The study noted that patient symptoms can fall under one of the six following categories: ‘flu-like’ with no fever, ‘flu-like’ with fever, gastrointestinal, severe level one with fatigue, severe level two with confusion, and severe level three accompanied by abdominal and respiratory pain.

In the first category of patients who reported ‘flu-like symptoms with no fever, the scientists said the manifestations included loss of smell, muscle pains, cough, sore throat, chest pain, but no fever.

According to their analysis, those in the second category had headache, loss of smell, cough, sore throat, hoarseness, fever, and loss of appetite, and those in the gastrointestinal symptoms cluster had a combination of headache, loss of smell, loss of appetite, diarrhea, sore throat, chest pain, but no cough.

Under the ‘severe level one with fatigue’ category, the scientists said patients reported loss of smell, cough, headache, fever, hoarseness, chest pain, and fatigue, and those with the level two of severity expressed these same symptoms with the addition of loss of appetite, sore throat, confusion, and muscle pain.

In the most severe category, the study noted that patients experienced headache, loss of smell, loss of appetite, cough, fever, hoarseness, sore throat, chest pain, fatigue, confusion, muscle pain, shortness of breath, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

According to the research, all people reporting symptoms experienced headache and loss of smell, with varying combinations of additional symptoms at various times. It said some of the manifestations, such as confusion, abdominal pain and shortness of breath, are not widely known as Covid-19 symptoms, yet are hallmarks of the most severe forms of the disease.

The scientists also analysed if people experiencing particular symptom clusters were more likely to require breathing support in the form of ventilation or additional oxygen.

They discovered that only 1.5 per cent of people with cluster one, 4.4 per cent of those with cluster two and 3.3 per cent in cluster 3 required breathing support.

For clusters four, five, and six, the researchers said these figures were 8.6, 9.9, and 19.8 per cent respectively.

Nearly half of the patients in cluster six, according to the study, ended up in hospital, compared with just 16 per cent of those in cluster one.

People with cluster four, five or six symptoms tended to be older and frailer, and were more likely to be overweight, the scientists said, adding that these patients had pre-existing conditions such as diabetes or lung disease than those in the other types.

“If you can predict who these people are at day five, you have time to give them support and early interventions such as monitoring blood oxygen and sugar levels, and ensuring they are properly hydrated — simple care that could be given at home, preventing hospitalisations and saving lives,” Steves said.

Carole Sudre from King’s College London, one of the lead scientists part of the study, said the research illustrates the importance of monitoring symptoms over time to make predictions about individual risk and outcomes more sophisticated and accurate.

“This approach is helping us to understand the unfolding story of this disease in each patient so they can get the best care,” Sudre said.

“Being able to gather big datasets through the app and apply machine learning to them is having a profound impact on our understanding of the extent and impact of Covid-19, and human health more widely,” added Sebastien Ourselin, a senior author of the study from King’s College London.


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Cloud Energy Commissions 50kW Solar Mini-Grid in Plateau State, Sparks Rural Revival

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Cloud Energy Photoelectric Limited, in furtherance of the strategic partnership with the Rural Electrification Agency, REA, has commissioned another Solar Mini Grid plant. This time a 50 KWhz Solar Mini-Grid plant at Namu, Plateau State.

The occasion was festive, with fulfilment that you could touch, as the 50 kilowatt solar-mini-grid restored light to Namu, community in Qua’an Pan LGA, after 20 years without power.

The immediate impact is the return of Namu to economic growth – businesses return to productivity, the local economies improve with the creation of many jobs.

The Managing Director of Cloud Energy, Engr. Theophilus Nweke, in his address explained that his company committed financial and human resources to make this 50 kilowatt solar mini-grid a reality because of the urgent need to unlock the rich potentials of the rural Namu community.

He revealed that the Namu community is home to fifty rice mills, all to be powered by the solar-mini-grid plant.

Engr. Nweke observed that there was an urgent need to scale up the Namu solar mini-grid to two megawatts in order to enable it play a more significant role in the industrial development of the Qua’an Pan rural communities and Plateau State at large.

Addressing the leaders of the community, the renewable energy boss, observed that he heard a few complaints that the power was yet to reach them.

He opined that the long wait for power has stopped with the commissioning of the 50 kilowatt solar-mini-grid, which he described as the seed for a new era of reliable and steady power.

In his contribution, the Managing Director, Rural Electrification Agency, Abubakar Abba Aliyu explained that the African mini-grid program is a flagship initiative designed to support access to clean energy and promoting large scale investment in renewable energy in Africa.

It focuses on cost reduction levers. He further explained that the project, here in Qua’an Pan, is not just a power installation. It is a symbol of transformation that will light up homes, power our businesses and create new opportunities for people and farms in the community.

The future of the renewable sector in Plateau State looked full of hope as the State Governor, Caleb Manasseh Mutfwang, assured all that renewable energy would receive priority attention now and in the future in his administration.

Cloud Energy Solar thus reaffirms the company’s capacity to unleash the potentials of rural communities. The Namu 50 Kilowatt Solar-mini-grid is another testimony of Cloud Energy’s unwavering commitment to catalyzing rural development through the solar-mini-grid technology.

In Namu, as in Ita Awoke community in Ebonyi State, where Cloud Energy installed a 100 Kilowatts solar-mini-grid, Children are fetching clean portable water from the public tap, the women are grinding beans, corn and other grains 24/7, and the rice mills are loading trucks of milled rice. In Namu, Cloud Energy Solar has energized another rural community.

 


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Nigerian Man Sentenced in U.S. for Sextortion Scheme Leading to Death of American Student

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A 27-year-old Nigerian national, Imoleayo Samuel Aina, also known as “Alice Dave,” has been sentenced to six years in prison by a U.S. federal court for his role in a sextortion scheme that led to the death of a 20-year-old American student.

The sentence, handed down by United States District Judge Joel H. Slomsky on Oct. 28, includes 72 months in prison, five years of supervised release, and restitution of $3,250.

United States Attorney David Metcalf announced the sentencing in a press release issued Saturday, Nov. 15, following a delay caused by the recent federal government shutdown.

The case stems from a January 2023 incident in which Jack Sullivan, a sophomore at Kutztown University in Pennsylvania, received flirtatious messages from Aina via Instagram. The exchange escalated to intimate photos on Snapchat, followed by threats demanding money.

Sullivan paid approximately $2,800, but Aina refused to delete the images. Less than 24 hours later, Sullivan was struck and killed by a train near the Jenkintown SEPTA station.

Aina was arrested in Nigeria alongside co-defendant Samuel Olasunkanmi Abiodun on July 31, 2024, and extradited to the United States with assistance from Nigerian authorities and the FBI. A third Nigerian, Afeez Olatunji Adewale, remains in Nigeria pending extradition.

Aina pleaded guilty in May 2025 to multiple charges including cyberstalking, extortion, money laundering conspiracy, and wire fraud. Abiodun, 26, was sentenced to five years in prison in June after pleading guilty to related charges.

U.S. Attorney Metcalf described Aina as “the driving force behind this sextortion scheme,” adding that the Department of Justice is committed to prosecuting overseas scammers who target American citizens.

“This case is a powerful reminder of the profound harm sextortion inflicts on young people and their families,” said Wayne A. Jacobs, Special Agent in Charge of the FBI’s Philadelphia Field Office.

The case was investigated by the FBI and Abington Township Police Department, and prosecuted by Assistant U.S. Attorney Patrick Brown.

The Justice Department acknowledged the critical support of Nigeria’s Attorney General, the Federal Ministry of Justice’s International Criminal Justice Cooperation Department, and the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission in facilitating the extraditions.


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Firm Urges Organizations to Check Protection of their Websites Amid Search Engine Optimisation Attack Schemes

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Kaspersky, a global cybersecurity and digital privacy company, warns of a prominent threat to website owners, including small and medium-sized businesses: search engine optimisation (SEO) spam and hidden links embedded on legitimate websites.

SEO is the practice of improving a website’s visibility in search engine results through ethical strategies like keyword optimisation, high-quality content creation and building authoritative backlinks.

However, malicious actors are exploiting this process by injecting hidden links on reputable sites to manipulate search rankings, often linking to illicit content such as pornography or gambling, jeopardising businesses’ online presence and reputation.

The consequences for affected websites are severe, including plummeting search rankings, eroded visitor trust and potential legal liability if linked to illegal content. The attackers’ goals may be to discredit certain websites or to channel traffic to certain portals.

Attackers embed hidden links on websites by exploiting compromised administrator accounts, outdated website content management system extensions (which were initially designed to enhance the functionality and features) or server weaknesses, allowing them to directly edit the site’s HTML code or inject malicious scripts. Security solutions may categorise such websites as prohibited and block traffic to them.

Popular blogs and forums are among the targets due to their high traffic, making them valuable for boosting attacker-controlled sites. Websites with less traffic are also vulnerable, as attackers exploit weaker security to inject these links, which can go unnoticed until traffic drops or search engines issue penalties.

“Kaspersky’s categorisation engine constantly detects hidden links pointing to pornographic and gambling sites. SEO spam is a serious threat that can silently undermine a company’s digital credibility and financial stability. These hidden links not only exploit a website’s authority to boost illicit sites but can also trigger harsh penalties from search engines and security solutions, devastating businesses that rely on online visibility.

Proactive defence of the website admin panel and content management system is critical to staying ahead of these evolving attacks,” said Anna Larkina, Web Content and Privacy Analysis Expert at Kaspersky.

Kaspersky recommends regular audits of website source code for suspicious elements, using trusted tools such as Google Search Console or OpenLinkProfiler. Businesses should keep CMS platforms and plugins updated, enforce strong passwords with two-factor authentication and restrict admin panel access by IP address. Deploying web application firewalls and maintaining regular backups are also essential to prevent and recover from unauthorised changes.


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