E-Financial
SERAP Demands Answers over Missing N3 Trillion in CBN Account

Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP) has urged Mr. Olayemi Cardoso, governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), “to promptly account for and explain the whereabouts of the missing or diverted N3 trillion of public funds, as documented in the recently published 2022 annual report by the Auditor-General of the Federation.”

SERAP said the grave allegations are documented in the latest annual report published by the Auditor-General on 9 September 2025.
SERAP urged him to “identify those responsible for the missing or diverted public funds and hand them over to the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) and the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) for further investigation and prosecution.”
SERAP also urged him “to ensure the full recovery and return of any missing public funds to the treasury without further delay.”
In the letter dated 15 November 2025 and signed by Kolawole Oluwadare, SERAP, deputy director the organisation said: “These grim allegations by the Auditor-General suggest grave violations of the public trust, the provisions of the Nigerian Constitution 1999 [as amended], the CBN Act, and anticorruption standards.”
SERAP said, “These grave violations also reflect a failure of CBN accountability more generally and are directly linked to the institution’s persistent failure to comply with its Act and to uphold the principles of transparency and accountability.”
According to SERAP, “These violations have seriously undermined the ability of the CBN to effectively discharge its statutory functions and the public trust and confidence in the bank. The CBN ought to be committed to transparency and accountability in its operations.”
The letter, read in part: “According to the Auditor-General, the CBN in 2022 failed to remit over N1 trillion [N1,445,593,400,000.00] of ‘the Federal Government’s portion of operating surplus’ into the Consolidated Revenue Fund (CRF) account.”
“The Auditor-General fears that the money may have been ‘diverted.’ He wants the money recovered and remitted to the treasury.”
“The CBN in 2022 failed to recover over N629 billion [N629,040,000,000.00] paid to ‘unknown beneficiaries’ as part of the Anchor Borrowers’ Programme, a programme ‘meant to support farmers to ensure sustainable food production in the country.’”
“But ‘the numbers of beneficiaries who collected the money are unknown.’ The CBN has also failed to ‘recover the money.’ The Auditor-General fears ‘the money may have been diverted’, which could have ‘contributed to the difficulty in sustaining food security in the Nation.’”
“He wants the money recovered and remitted to the treasury.”
“The CBN has also failed to recover over N784 billion [N784,410,108,864.47] ‘being 32 unpaid, overdue loans and interventions disbursed by the Bank between 2018 and May 2022.’”
“The Auditor-General said ‘there was no evidence that the Bank was doing enough to recover the loans/interventions, which ought to have been paid.’ He wants the money recovered and remitted to the treasury.”
“The CBN in 2022 also spent over N125 billion [N125,374,000,000.00] ‘on questionable intervention activities.’ The CBN claimed it spent the money ‘on intervention activities in connection with national security, the federal government, state securities, armed forces and to build the capacity of the financial sector’.”
“But the Auditor-General is concerned that the money may have been spent ‘without the approval of the National Assembly.’ There was also no document to ‘support the expenditure.’”
“The ‘expenditure also may not have been in the public interest and consistent with the objectives of the CBN in section 2 of the CBN Act.’ The Auditor-General fears the money may have been ‘diverted.’ He wants the money recovered and remitted to the treasury.”
“The CBN in 2022 also ‘unjustifiably’ spent over N1 billion [N1,792,769,160.00] to buy 43 operational vehicles for the Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS). The ‘spending is unjustified because there is no connection with buying operational vehicles for the NIS and the objectives of the CBN as stated in section 2 of the CBN Act.”
“The NIS also ‘failed to provide any evidence to show that the vehicles were actually supplied and delivered.’ There ‘were also no procurement and payment records or documents.’ The Auditor-General fears the money may have been ‘diverted’. He wants the money recovered and remitted to the treasury.”
“The CBN also awarded 43 contracts for over N189 billion [N189,50,066,756.73] but ‘the contractors deliberately delayed completion of these contracts’ by seeking ‘extension of the completion period.’”
“The contractors then ‘requested for variation of contracts due to extension of completion period.’ Following the request, the CBN paid the contractors over N9 billion [N9,270,849,691.61] ‘irregular variation of contract price.’”
“There ‘were no relevant procurement documents such as contract files, procurement records, and payment vouchers’ for the payment. The Auditor-General fears ‘the money may have been diverted’ and the projects may have been abandoned.’ He wants the money recovered and remitted to the treasury.”
“The Katsina state branch of the CBN also failed to recover over N90 million [N90,163,610.00] being ‘outstanding loans and interventions disbursed to 33 small and medium enterprises during Covid 19 in 2020.’”
“The Auditor-General fears ‘the money may have been ‘diverted’ or ‘mismanaged’. He wants the money recovered and remitted to the treasury.”
“We would be grateful if the recommended measures are taken within 7 days of the receipt and/or publication of this letter. If we have not heard from you by then, SERAP shall take all appropriate legal actions to compel you and the CBN to comply with our request in the public interest.”
“Paragraph 708 of the Financial Regulations 2009 provides that, ‘on no account should payment be made for services not yet performed or for goods not yet supplied.’”
“Section 15(5) of the Nigerian Constitution requires public institutions to abolish all corrupt practices and abuse of power.” Section 13 of the Constitution imposes clear responsibility on the CBN to conform to, observe and apply the provisions of Chapter 2 of the constitution.”
“Paragraph 3112(ii) of the Financial Regulations 2009 provides: ‘Where a public officer fails to account for government revenue, such officer shall be surcharged for the full amount involved and such officer shall be handed over to either the EFCC or the ICPC.’”
“Nigerians have the right to know the whereabouts of the public funds. Taking the recommended measures would advance the right of Nigerians to restitution, compensation and guarantee of non-repetition.”
“The Nigerian Constitution, Freedom of Information Act, and the country’s anti-corruption and human rights obligations rest on the principle that citizens should have access to information regarding their public institutions’ activities.”
E-Financial
UBA Beefs Up Mobile App Security to Stop Fraudulent Debits, Withdrawals

United Bank for Africa (UBA) has said that it has strengthened the security of transactions on its mobile application to stop fraudulent debits, unauthorised transfers and withdrawals.

Oliver Alawuba, Group Managing Director and CEO of United Bank for Africa
UBA announced this in a memo forwarded to its customers via email recently.
“We are pleased to inform you that we have further strengthened the security of transactions on the Mobile App.
“Updated authentication options now apply based on the value of transfers,” the memo reads in part.
UBA said in the memo that it had introduced authentication options for transactions of varying amounts to detect and prevent fraud.
According to the bank, transactions of N200,000 or more will now require customers to provide their Personal Identification Number (PIN) and a token number.
For transactions above N200,000 and N250,000, customers will be required to provide their PIN and a One-Time Password (OTP).
They can make use of their PIN and Biometric or PIN and Token numbers to authenticate such transactions.
Customers will be required to provide a PIN and OTP, or a PIN and Token number, when carrying out transactions between N250,000 and N500,000
For transactions between N500,000 and N10 million, customers must enter their PIN and Token to authenticate the transaction.
For transactions above N10 million, customers must use their PIN, Token, and Biometric to complete the transaction.
“The app will guide you, no need to memorise these thresholds,” the bank assured customers in the memo.
E-Financial
CBN Plans New Payment Systems Vision

Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), has said that it will be launching a new payment systems vision that will outline where the entire ecosystem is expected to be heading in the next three years.

Olayemi Cardoso, governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria
The vision was co-created with the financial technology players, the mobile money operators, payment service providers across the board.
This was announced by Muhammad Abdullahi, deputy governor, Economic Policy Directorate at the CBN, after the inaugural meeting of the Payment Service Providers Committee.
Olayemi Cardoso, governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria, inaugurated the first meeting of the Payment Service Providers Committee, to reinforce policy coordination, knowledge sharing, and also ensure collective problem-solving by the industry and by the central bank.
The committee is being chaired by Muhammad Abdullahi, CBN deputy Governor, Economic Policy, and co-chaired by Philip Ikeazor, deputy Governor, Financial System Stability Directorate.
Other members of the committee include stakeholders from all the key payment service providers that are licensed to operate in Nigeria as well as a number of regulators, the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
According to Abdullahi, the committee is expected to convene on a quarterly basis to interface with players in the industry, to ensure that they collectively solve some of the challenges that are facing the industry.
“The committee is to put Nigeria on the best footing forward in terms of payment system space. As we already know, Nigeria is a world leader in payment service provision.
“The kind of technology and fintechs deployed in Nigeria are far ahead of regional and continental peers. And what we want to ensure over the next five to 10 years is that we continue to maintain this leadership and be able to do much more for the Nigerian economy,” he said.
He stated that setting up the committee had become relevant with the remarkable growth trajectory seen in the digital payment landscape in Nigeria.
“In 2024 alone, the system processed over 11.2 billion electronic transactions, amounting to over N1.07 quadrillion. This is the first time that digital payments crossed the quadrillion naira threshold, representing significant growth.
“The momentum has continued. In 2025, we’ve seen significant growth, and of course, in the first few months of 2026 as well. This is an ecosystem that is significantly growing, that has significant implications for growth in Nigeria, for inclusive growth, for trade, and other significant positives for our country, he said.
The Deputy Governor, Financial System Stability Directorate, and co-chair of the committee, explained that the inaugural meeting, featured discussions such as preliminary issues around how participation is going to be, what the top-line issues are, and some of the committees that would be set up eventually.
He said, “What we intend to do is to be able to solve this in a much faster way. So in the past, companies would have to wait a significant amount of time to interface or lay their concerns to the central bank, and the central bank would have to do supervisory visits—on-site, off-site—to be able to carry out its responsibilities.
“But today, now, we have a platform that brings us all together, that has committees that are working towards specific mandates that can advance the payment systems space, you know, payment service provider space. So what we really have now is that a major bottleneck has been removed, which is the bottleneck of coordination, collaboration, and joint systems thinking”.
On her part, Foyinsolami Akinjayeju, chief executive officer of Enhancing Financial Inclusion and Advancement (EFInA), said that the inaugural meeting of the Payment Services Providers Committee was to ensure that innovation was not stifled.
She said, “The Payment Services Providers Committee will more importantly, allow for inclusive and sustainable growth through access, expansion, strengthening of trust to ensure that no segments of our economy is left behind”.
Also, Premier Oiwoh, managing director and chief executive, Nigeria Inter Bank Settlement System (NIBSS), lauded the initiative describing it as historic and a win for all Nigerians.
For Jay Alabraba, chairman, Association of Licensed Mobile Payment Operators, the initiative is a good one which will help sustain the nation’s growth through active participation of industry stakeholders.
E-Financial
Ghana Makes History as First African Country to Integrate Payment National Identity Card

Ghana becomes the first African country to integrate payment into its Citizens’ Identity Card, ditching US-based payment giants Visa and Mastercard in Africa.

The card is now widely accepted in over 190 countries for online, in-store, and ATM use.
It allows for secure purchases, international payments, and offers perks like insurance and emergency assistance.
Ghana Card holders can activate their card using the MyCitizens App or by dialling *402#
Recall that Ghana’s National Identification Authority (NIA), statutory body mandated to establish a national identification system, first announced in September 2025, that the card would allow users to make use of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), make payments in stores and online, make international payments with over 200 countries, and access other services such as insurance and emergency assistance.
The NIA’s aim for developing this feature is to bolster financial inclusion within the country.
In Ghana, the credit card penetration rate was forecast at 0.6% in 2024 and was forecast to continuously decrease between 2024 and 2029.
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