E-Financial
CBN’s New Cash Policy: A Welcome Liberalisation or a Risky Retreat?

By Blaise Udunze
On December 2, 2025, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) announced a policy that significantly departs from the cash-restriction measures Nigerians have faced lately. The apex bank abolished restrictions on cash deposits. Increased the weekly cash withdrawal limits to N500,000 for individuals and N5 million for corporates while substituting the earlier monthly limits of N5 million and N10 million respectively. These modifications, which will be effective from January 1, 2026, represent what the CBN describes as the necessity to “streamline provisions to reflect present-day realities.”

CBN
Authorized by the Director of Financial Policy & Regulation, Dr. Rita I. Sike, the policy overhaul aims to lower cash-management expenses, improve security, and lessen money-laundering threats related to Nigeria’s significant dependence on physical cash. Daily ATM withdrawal limits stay fixed at N100,000 and count toward the total cap. Withdrawals exceeding the limits incur charges of three percent for individuals and five percent for companies, with the revenues divided: 40 percent to the CBN and 60 percent to the banks.
This update comes three years following the disputed 2022-2023 cash redesign crisis at a time characterized by extreme cash deficits, extended lines at banks, and devastating impacts on the informal economy. Consequently, the newest order generates responses: praise from individuals who consider it delayed aid, disapproval from those perceiving it as a bewildering backtrack, and concern from those apprehensive about potential enduring hazards.
Experts Applaud a More Realistic Modification
For economists, in a publication by Nairametrics showed that the action taken by the CBN signifies much-needed practicality. Dr. Salisu Ahmed, an economist based in Abuja, refers to the updated limits as “a step,” praising the CBN for gaining a clearer insight into “cash management practices in a predominantly informal economy.”
He stated that the changes will alleviate the difficulties faced by families and small enterprises due to restrictions. Rigid withdrawal caps had limited transactions, made small-scale commerce more difficult, and caused numerous businesses to experience cash-flow problems. “This adjustment signifies a response from the CBN recognizing the challenges Nigerians face daily and easing rules that previously hindered commerce and individual management,” he clarified.
Banking analyst, David Omale, echoes this view, seeing the CBN’s action as a sign of responsiveness. He points out that higher limits could “enhance liquidity for firms facing challenges from inflation, supply-chain issues and unpredictable cash flows.”
In an economy in which over 60 percent of trade is informal and where the adoption of digital payments varies across different socio-economic groups, experts suggest the updated limits correspond more accurately to real-world conditions. These limits offer businesses flexibility to reinstate transactional liberty and may help recover public confidence diminished by previous cash shortages.
Critics Caution About Continuing Disparities and New Threats
However, the praise is not universally shared. Numerous specialists and industry participants contend that the modifications, although appreciated, are inadequate or might even be detrimental.
Financial strategist Nnenna Okafor contends that the updated limits are insufficient for traders and micro-businesses that depend largely on cash to sustain their operations amid challenges. Due to increasing product prices, logistical difficulties, and unreliable digital banking services in regions, she asserts that numerous Nigerians will still need more liquidity than the new thresholds to stay viable.
Within PoS operators’ players, in Nigeria’s payment system, the response is notably divided.
PoS Operators Split
Certain PoS agents appreciate the modifications, anticipating that they will:
– Reduce friction with banks over “flagged” transactions
– Facilitate processes for clients requiring withdrawals
– Rebuild trust after months of cash shortages
Others convey concern. A PoS operator in Lagos cautions that greater cash availability could hinder the adoption of payments. “While easier access to cash can address problems, it may also decrease dependence on PoS terminals and other digital payment solutions that provide long-term security and efficiency,” she remarked.
She argues that if the CBN does not combine the policy with targeted incentives to encourage payment uptake, Nigeria runs the risk of regressing into deep-rooted reliance on cash.
Another operator in Abuja points out a different issue that has to do with unstable cash supply at numerous commercial banks. He insists that simply boosting withdrawal limits does not automatically fix supply shortages. “If banks cannot consistently provide cash, raising limits fails to solve the issue,” he stated.
Other operators also caution that the new setting might push fintech firms out of the market, which possibly allows monopolies to form since only big payment firms can endure the transition back to increased cash usage.
Experts in Security Alert to Increasing Threats, from Crime
Apart from operational issues, security experts have expressed concerns about the dangers linked to greater cash flow.
Abas Ogendengbe, a security expert at Anold Consulting Ltd., warns that increased access to amounts without strict controls “opens up risks for theft, fraud and money laundering.” He contends that without improvements in surveillance transaction tracking and reporting frameworks by banks, criminal groups might take advantage of the restrictions.
Nigeria continues to confront:
– High rates of petty theft
– Organised criminal cash-for-goods networks
– Ransom-based criminality
– Fraudulent cash-flow manipulation
He contends that a policy boosting the amount of currency in circulation should consequently be accompanied by enhanced institutional protections, rather than diminished ones.
Advantages of the New Policy: Relief, Liquidity, and Business Freedom
Although it has faced criticism, the CBN’s decision carries benefits:
1. Increased Liquidity for the Informal Sector
Small-scale merchants, farm producers, haulers, craftsmen, and market participants relying significantly on cash will experience ease in transferring money, purchasing stock, and expanding their businesses.
2. Reduced Transaction Friction
Companies that once faced limiting restrictions now recover agility, enhancing business continuity and lowering administrative challenges.
3. Restoration of Public Trust
After the trauma of the cash scarcity era, easing restrictions may slowly rebuild confidence in the banking system and encourage more people to save and transact through formal channels.
4. Policy Simplicity
The updated limits, while still restricted, are more straightforward and less administrative compared to the special-authorization system.
The Disadvantages: Policy Volatility, Inflationary Risks, and Stunted Digitalisation
Nonetheless, the policy change is also accompanied by drawbacks:
1. Weakening of Monetary Policy Credibility
Regular significant reversals indicate instability and undermine confidence. A central bank needs to be consistent and foreseeable; Nigeria’s policy environment has shifted in the contrary.
2. Potential for More Money Laundering
Unlimited cash deposits and increased withdrawal limits are inconsistent with standards for preventing illegal financial transactions.
3. Undermining Digital Payment Growth
The increase in fintech was expedited amidst cash availability. A return to reliance on cash might hinder innovation. Dampen the use of safer trackable digital methods.
4. Increased Risk of Robbery and Cash-Based Crime
An increased amount of cash in use results in tangible currency to be stolen additional opportunities for criminals and amplified operational difficulties for the police.
5. Higher Costs of Cash Management
The processes of currency production, circulation, and safeguarding place financial strains on the banking sector and the CBN.
Policy Details and Operational Complexities
The CBN’s circular offers instructions for operations:
– Excess withdrawal charges:
3 percent for individuals
5 percent for corporates
– Revenue sharing:
40 percent to CBN, 60 percent to banks
– Withdrawals from ATMs and PoS terminals contribute to the limit, highlighting the importance for customers to monitor where their withdrawals originate.
– ATMs can now be loaded with all denominations, although third-party cheque cashing is still limited to N100,000.
– Exemptions are maintained for government revenue accounts, microfinance banks, and primary mortgage banks.
– The removal of exemptions for embassies and donor agencies is a move that some parties consider diplomatically risky.
The CBN frames this policy change as a balance, boosting liquidity while still maintaining the nation’s goal of a cashless economy. Nevertheless, its effectiveness depends on the ability of the government and financial institutions to encourage payments while addressing the security challenges posed by greater cash circulation.
A Relief Today, a Question Mark Tomorrow
The CBN’s updated cash-policy structure provides support for families, small enterprises, and the informal sector. It addresses some of the severe effects of previous policies and shows a readiness, though delayed, to adjust to practical realities.
However, the enduring consequences are complex. The policy creates openings, as money laundering hampers progress in payments, increases security threats, and shows a regulatory environment grappling with achieving stability and trustworthiness.
Nigeria is at an intersection. While cash can relieve hardships, it cannot shape the future economic landscape. The current task is to apply this policy without hindering progress, undermining financial integrity, or jeopardizing monetary stability.
The question of whether this constitutes a liberalisation or an expensive withdrawal will in the end hinge on a single element, the CBN’s ability to pair increased liquidity with stronger oversight, steadfast policy direction, and sustained digital-payment incentives.
Only then can Nigeria avoid sliding backward and instead build a financial system that truly reflects the realities of its people, its economy, and its future.
Blaise, a journalist and PR professional, writes from Lagos, can be reached via: [email protected]
E-Financial
Banks to Cut Fraud Response Times to Under 30 Minutes

Banks in the country have agreed to reduce fraud response times to under 30 minutes, a move expected to significantly improve recovery outcomes and limit systemic risk, according to the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN).

This disclosure was made on Wednesday by Philip Ikeazor, deputy governor, Financial System Stability, at the 2026 Nigeria Electronic Fraud Forum (NeFF) Technical Kick-Off Session held in Lagos.
Represented by Ibrahim Hassan, Ikeazor said fraud mitigation efforts within the banking industry have continued to evolve in response to increasingly sophisticated threat vectors. While legacy forms of fraud such as ATM card cloning have largely been neutralised, newer risks including online fraud, social engineering, SIM-swap abuse, insider compromise and authorised push payment (APP) scams have emerged as major challenges.
According to him, NeFF has played a pivotal role in coordinating timely and industry-wide responses to these emerging risks. These interventions include the introduction of mandatory two-factor authentication, issuance of industry advisories, sustained public awareness campaigns, the establishment of 24/7 bank fraud desks and, more recently, the development of a Standardised APP Scam Framework.
“Importantly, the industry has agreed to reduce fraud response times to under 30 minutes, a decisive step that materially improves recovery outcomes and limits systemic exposure,” Ikeazor said.
He noted that a major enabler of fraud reduction in Nigeria has been the country’s progress in identity management. The introduction of the Bank Verification Number (BVN), alongside its ongoing integration with the National Identification Number (NIN), has significantly constrained impersonation and synthetic identity fraud.
According to him, enhanced identity verification across banking channels, agent networks and high-risk digital platforms is steadily closing loopholes previously exploited by criminals. He added that this development reinforces the importance of identity infrastructure as a foundational control for payment system integrity, with the National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) remaining a key partner in strengthening fraud prevention efforts.
“Equally transformative is the industry’s migration to ISO 20022. Beyond compliance, ISO 20022 provides richer, structured transaction data that enhances traceability, analytics and early fraud detection,” Ikeazor said.
He explained that as banks, payment service providers and financial infrastructure operators complete implementation across real-time gross settlement (RTGS) and instant payment systems, data quality and transparency are expected to improve materially. This, he said, would enable faster investigations, better fraud pattern recognition and more effective cross-border cooperation.
“This alignment with global standards positions Nigeria to confront increasingly sophisticated fraud schemes with modern, data-driven tools,” he added.
Ikeazor further noted that over the past decade, Nigeria’s electronic payments ecosystem has recorded substantial progress in resilience, security and public confidence. Despite rapid expansion across ATM, POS, mobile and interbank payment channels, system uptime, operational stability and fraud controls have improved markedly.
He attributed this progress to early regulatory interventions, industry-wide adoption of EMV standards, stronger cybersecurity frameworks, enhanced consumer protection measures and sustained collaboration through NeFF. As a result, he said Nigeria’s payments system now compares favourably with global peers in cyber-fraud management, despite exponential growth in digital transaction volumes.
Looking ahead to 2026, Ikeazor warned that electronic fraud losses have risen sharply in recent years and must be decisively reversed. He stressed the need for the industry to commit to bold and measurable fraud-reduction targets, supported by clear strategic priorities.
These include full exploitation of ISO 20022 data, universal and real-time identity verification, enhanced round-the-clock fraud monitoring and response, structured liability-sharing and consumer reimbursement frameworks, deeper engagement with payment service providers and telecoms operators, as well as rigorous performance measurement through transparent scorecards.
“What gets measured must be improved,” he said.
In her opening remarks, Rakiya O. Yusuf, director, Payments System Supervision Department and Chairman, Nigeria Electronic Fraud Forum (NeFF), said that over the past decade, NeFF has provided a trusted platform for regulators and industry stakeholders to jointly strengthen the resilience, security and credibility of Nigeria’s payments system.
Yusuf said sustained collaboration among financial institutions, payment service providers, infrastructure operators, identity management agencies, law enforcement and other partners has delivered meaningful progress in fraud mitigation, even as electronic transactions have expanded rapidly under the cashless policy.
She said key milestones achieved include the migration to EMV chip-and-PIN cards, the introduction of two-factor authentication across electronic channels, enhanced consumer protection measures and the institutionalisation of industry-wide fraud information sharing.
According to her, these interventions led to measurable reductions in fraud losses in earlier years and helped preserve public confidence in digital payments during periods of rapid growth. More recently, she added, improvements in identity management, particularly the rollout of the BVN and its integration with the NIN, have significantly reduced impersonation and the use of false identities for fraud, closing long-standing gaps exploited by criminals across both banking and agent networks.
E-Financial
MoMo PSB Expands Cross-Border Transfers Across Africa

MoMo Payment Service Bank (MoMo PSB), the financial subsidiary of MTN Nigeria, has expanded its cross-border transfer service, extending outbound coverage to additional African markets (including Kenya and South Sudan), while also deepening inbound remittance capabilities from the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, and Europe.

MoMo PSB
With the latest expansion, MoMo PSB customers in Nigeria can now send money to a wider network of African countries, including Ghana, Benin Republic, Rwanda, Togo, Cameroon, DR Congo, Congo Brazzaville, The Gambia, Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Malawi, Zambia, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and now Kenya and South Sudan.
On the inbound corridor, customers can conveniently receive international transfers directly into their MoMo wallets from senders across the UK, US, Canada, and Europe. This development reinforces MoMo PSB’s growing role in enabling fast, secure, and inclusive cross-border payments for Nigerians at home and in the diaspora.
The enhanced service offering reflects MoMo PSB’s ongoing commitment to advancing financial inclusion by simplifying the process of moving money across borders. Customers benefit from swift transaction processing, competitive exchange rates, secure transfers, and the ease of receiving funds directly into their MoMo wallets, removing many of the delays and frictions traditionally associated with cross-border remittances.
The expansion is driven by strategic partnerships with Brij, Lightway Finance, and Thunes, leveraging their global payments infrastructure to deliver reliable, efficient, and compliant cross-border transfer experiences.
Speaking on the development, Usoro Usoro, Executive Director, Strategy and Stakeholder Management, MoMo PSB, said: “Through our partnerships with Lightway Finance and Thunes, we have strengthened our international payments infrastructure to support both outbound and inbound remittances across key corridors. This expansion reflects our commitment to building secure, scalable, and inclusive financial solutions that meet the evolving needs of our customers.”
By widening both its sending and receiving corridors, MoMo PSB continues to deepen access to financial services and strengthen Nigeria’s connection to the global economy—making international payments more accessible, affordable, and seamless for individuals and businesses alike. For more information, visit www.momo.ng/internationaltransfers.
E-Financial
FG Shops for N900Bn from Domestic Market with High-Yield Bonds

Debt Management Office (DMO) has moved to raise N900 billion from the domestic debt market with the offer of three Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) bonds carrying interest rates of up to 22.6 per cent.

The bond offer, which will be sold by auction on January 26, 2026, comprises N300 billion worth of 18.50 per cent FGN February 2031 (7-year) bonds, N400 billion of 19.00 per cent FGN February 2034 (10-year) bonds and N200 billion of 22.60 per cent FGN January 2035 (10-year) bonds.
Settlement is scheduled for January 28, 2026.
According to a notice issued by DMO, the bonds are re-openings of previously issued instruments and are being offered on behalf of the Federal Government in line with the Debt Management Office (Establishment) Act 2003 and the Local Loans (Registered Stock and Securities) Act.
The bonds are priced based on the yield-to-maturity bids submitted by successful investors at the auction, in addition to accrued interest, with interest payments made semi-annually.
The bonds will be redeemed through bullet repayment at maturity.
Units of sale are priced at N1,000 per unit, with a minimum subscription of N50.001 million and multiples of N1,000thereafter, making the offer largely targeted at institutional investors.
The DMO said the bonds qualify as approved securities for trustees under the Trustee Investment Act and are recognised as government securities under the Company Income Tax Act and Personal Income Tax Act, making them tax-exempt for pension funds and other eligible investors.
They are also listed on the Nigerian Exchange Limited and the FMDQ OTC Securities Exchange, and qualify as liquid assets for banks’ liquidity ratio calculations.
“FGN Bonds are backed by the full faith and credit of the Federal Government of Nigeria and are charged upon the general assets of Nigeria,” the notice stated.
Interested investors are advised to channel their applications through authorised Primary Dealer Market Makers, including major commercial and merchant banks across the country.
Market analysts say the high yields attached to the offer reflect current tight liquidity conditions and elevated interest rates, while providing investors with an opportunity to lock in attractive long-term returns from government-backed securities.
The January bond auction forms part of the Federal Government’s domestic borrowing plan to fund budget needs, while offering investors safe, long-term returns and deepening the local debt market.
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