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Are there Really Cashless Economies?

By Yvonne-Faith Elaigwu, Head of Operations and Governance, OnePipe
‘Cashless’ has probably become one of the most popular words in Nigeria in the last few months. While it can be defined in different ways, it has one universal meaning and is characterised by the exchange of funds for goods and services by methods other than the use of cash.

This little or no dependence on cash is not forced by an inability to queue for hours at an ATM or an unwillingness to pay an exorbitant fee to a PoS or mobile money agent. No, this little dependence on cash is because of the ability to meet financial obligations without necessarily needing to handle cash.
You are probably thinking about the western world and the level of development that makes this their reality but some very solid examples of cashless economies also exist in Africa.
One of the easiest ways to identify a Nigerian in Kenya for example (excluding the Naija-ness) is by how they transact. As a Nigerian visitor, you are very likely to pay in cash when you buy food, shop at a neighbourhood market, buy things from the roadside or visit a tourist centre. This alone – paying in cash everywhere – is more likely to scream “foreigner” than if you had worn a green-white-green Ankara at that time.
When the M-Pesa platform marked its 15 year anniversary last year, it had grown to more than 51 million customers, 465,000 businesses, 600,000 agents, and 42,000 developers across Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Ghana, and Egypt, as reported by Business Insider.
Ghana, our neighbours, digitised their economy with Mobile Money. The Bank of Ghana in its payment systems annual report for 2021, reported that its volume of Mobile Money transactions increased to 4.25 billion in 2021, representing a 47.1 percent growth, compared to 2020. Similarly, the total value of transactions increased to GH¢ 978.32 billion in 2021, from GH¢ 571.80 billion in 2020.
In dollar terms, the value of transactions in 2021 was $75 billion (based on current exchange rates). For perspective, Ghana’s GDP was $77.59 billion that same year. This essentially shows us mobile money transactions could cover the entire economic activities in Ghana (when currency devaluation over the past year is factored in).
The Carnegie endowment for international peace also referencing a BOG report, said in recent years, Ghana has been identified as one of the biggest mobile money markets and the fastest-growing one in Africa with 40.9 million accounts as at February 2021. Again, for context; the population of Ghana is 32.8 million. A Business Day report in 2019, noted that in Ghana, the utilisation of Mobile Money has become so ubiquitous, that it no longer has a wow effect, and is just a part of their everyday life. The average Ghanaian can go about his or her day and be productive without ever needing to transact with cash, just like their peers in Kenya and other countries where cash is increasingly less important.
Somalia’s journey to a cashless economy is perhaps the most inspiring. It is recorded that between 1990 and 2013, Somalia received no foreign direct investment, and the monetary system broke down with the collapse of the Somali Central Bank. The Somali government installed its first ATM in 2014, but the progress of its wider digital economy has been astonishing. The Somali Central Bank introduced a central payments system in August 2021 which connects the nation’s 13 lenders, and formalises digital payments, making payments easier for people across the country.
According to a report by the World Bank published in 2018, almost three-quarters of the Somali population aged 16 and older use Mobile Money. Somalia’s Gross Domestic Product, grew by an estimated 2.9 percent in 2019 and by 3.2 percent and 3.5 percent in 2020 and 2021 respectively. Eight years after the installation of their first ATM, Somalia is now recognized globally as a cashless economy.
Today, in its urban centres, Mobile Money penetration is over 80 percent. Even in rural areas, it has become the currency of choice, with a penetration rate of 55 percent.
Need we add examples of the western world? Maybe just a few.
In 2022, Merchant Machine ranked Norway on the list of 10 countries closest to a completely cashless society, with cash accounting for only 2 percent of all payments in Norway, 100 percent of its population owning a bank account, and 71 percent also owning a credit card.
It was followed by Finland with the same small percentage of cash-based payments ( 2 percent) and none of its citizens going without a bank account, then New Zealand also having two percent cash-based payments but a very slightly higher unbanked population of one percent.
The UK ranks lower at number eight due to a slightly smaller percentage of credit card users (65 percent) and higher percentage of unbanked population (3 percent). However, it sees less cash-based payments overall, with just 1 percent of all payments being made with notes and coins.
Now imagine a scenario where you navigate the city of Lagos without worrying about “change”, or whether the cash in your hand is not counterfeit or too worn out. Imagine not worrying about making any payments, not because you are a Dangote or because Otedola is your daddy, but because you have various payment options in your pocket or at your disposal; cards, phone, apps, USSD codes etc. More importantly, imagine that your transactions are happening within the banking ecosystem, your bank therefore has visibility into your spending patterns and is able to adequately profile you to access credit. Despite the promising future a cashless economy offers, the experiment in India has offered the rest of the world some lessons on how not to go about it. The Economic Times of India for instance, noted that after invalidating 86 percent of the currency in circulation (the 500 and 100 notes), the government started scrambling to promote digital payments, yet, only about half of Indian adults had bank accounts, and only about a quarter had internet access. Mobile payments were rare and even if everyone had wanted to go digital, they couldn’t have.
The lesson? Before going cashless, alternatives should not only be in place, but reliable too. India’s move towards going cashless has not been a complete failure but it came at huge human and economic loss.
An article on The Balance Money describes a cashless society as one where all transactions are electronic, using debit or credit cards or payment services like PayPal, Zelle, Venmo, and Apple Pay. In Nigeria, we have companies like OnePipe, offering technologies that digitise and simplify payment processing to downplay the dependence on cash.
Although not a lot of societies are truly cashless, many economists believe that consumer preferences, competitive pressures on businesses, profit seeking by banks, and government policies designed to facilitate cashless transactions will soon lead to more cashless societies which eventually lead to economic growth.
Broadcasting
Young Africans Hit Hardest by Online Gender Violence, Paradigm Initiative Reports

A new study, conducted by pan-African organisation, Paradigm Initiative (PIN), warns of an alarming surge in the prevalence of Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based violence, with 67 percent of respondents being victims of at least one or multiple forms of digital violence.

Online
Released on International Human Rights Day, the research exposes deep systemic failures, weak accountability, and unsafe online spaces driving a rapidly escalating epidemic across Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
PIN recognises that this gap limits both the understanding of TFGBV and the development of effective solutions. In response, this study adopts a survivor-centred approach that reframes how TFGBV is researched, discussed, and addressed. By prioritising survivors’ perspectives, the research uncovers the emotional, social, and systemic dimensions of digital violence that formal reports and statistics often obscure. It also interrogates how survivors navigate reporting systems, access justice, and play an informed role in digital spaces that are frequently hostile or unsafe.
A key finding of the study is that young people are disproportionately affected, with those aged 18–34 constituting the vast majority of survivors. Most incidents of TFGBV occurred on Facebook, WhatsApp, and X (formerly Twitter), underscoring how mainstream social media platforms continue to function as structurally unsafe spaces for many users—particularly women, activists, and advocates.
“Victims’ experiences range from sexual harassment, threats, and misogynistic attacks to severe violations such as stalking, non-consensual image sharing, hacking, sextortion, and identity-based harassment,” the report notes. “Personal testimonies reveal profound emotional, psychological, and reputational harm.”
The study also highlights that formal systems such as the police, employers, and public institutions, remain underutilised, largely due to fear, mistrust, or an expectation of inaction. While the findings expose wide-ranging gaps across platforms, institutions, and legal frameworks, they also highlight survivors’ resilience and their continued efforts to seek safer digital environments.
In light of these findings, PIN calls for urgent action to make online spaces safer for everyone, in line with this year’s Human Rights Day theme, “Human Rights, our everyday essentials.” Addressing these systemic gaps is critical to advancing democratic engagement, promoting media pluralism, fostering digital inclusion, and achieving gender equality across Africa.
Broadcasting
CKay’s “Love Nwantiti” Crosses Billion-Stream Mark on Spotify

Nigerian singer, songwriter, and producer CKay has officially surpassed one billion streams on Spotify with his breakout hit Love Nwantiti, making him one of the few African artists to reach this milestone and the first Nigerian solo act to do so.

Ckay
The rise of the emotional Afrobeats anthem
Originally an early hit when it dropped in 2019, “Love Nwantiti” (released on CKay’s EP – CKay the First) began as a slow-burn masterpiece that captured a global audience. The song broke out by blending the grooving rhythm of Afrobeats with an emotional feeling and an entrancing melody, a sound CKay himself pioneered and coined as “Emo-Afrobeats,” fusing African rhythms with raw, heartfelt emotion.
The song, which translates to “sweet gentle love” in the Igbo language, communicates an intense desire for a love interest. Its journey from a homegrown Nigerian track to a cultural sensation fueled by countless dance challenges, social virality, and international remixes is proof of the widespread power of its sound. The song remains a fixture on playlists globally, with over 3.9 million playlist adds and sustained streaming momentum across continents.
A solo milestone, a global legacy
Love Nwantiti’s sustained global appeal is undeniable: in the last 28 days alone, listeners from the United States , India,, Indonesia, Brazil , and the United Kingdom continue to press play, proof of the track’s staying power well beyond its viral peak.
This achievement places CKay in an elite group of African artists with billion-stream records on Spotify, which includes hits driven by collaborations with Nigerian artists, such as Drake’s One Dance (featuring Wizkid and Kyla), Future’s Wait For U (featuring Drake and Tems), and Rema’s Calm Down (featuring Selena Gomez), and solo song Water, by Tyla.
CKay achieved this historic mark with a solo, non-collaborative lead release by a Nigerian artist. This distinction highlights his unique vision and singular impact as both a writer and performer, making him a true torchbearer for the new generation of African music talent.
“Love Nwantiti” is more than a viral hit; it is a cultural reset. Demonstrating the rich storytelling and emotional depth of his sound, CKay didn’t just break borders, he built a powerful bridge for the global crossover of authentic African music, proving its resonance on the global stage.
CKay’s success is a signal for the future of African music on the global stage. Let us know if you’d like more on CKay’s journey or the song’s global streaming story.
Broadcasting
Global South Alliance Launches $72,000 Datafication and Democracy Fund to Support 2026 Research Projects

The Global South Alliance, a coalition of 26 digital rights organizations, launched today the second edition of the “Datafication and Democracy Fund” on December 9.

Global South Alliance
The Fund will provide more US$ 72,000 to support research and advocacy projects focused on datafication and democracy to be implemented in 2026.
The Datafication and Democracy Fund was launched during the fourth edition of the Data Privacy Global Conference, organized in São Paulo, Brazil. The Global South Alliance is jointly managed by Data Privacy Brasil, Aapti Institute, and Paradigm Initiative.
The members are Asociación por los Derechos Civiles, Bolo Bhi, Center for Communication and Governance, CIPESA, Derechos Digitales, Digital Rights Foundation, Dukingire Isi Yacu, Internet Bolivia, Pollicy, Research ICT Africa, Fundación Multitudes, InternetLab, Thraets, Jokkolabs Banjul, Aláfia Lab, Centre for Policy Alternatives, KICTANET, Tech Global Institute, Freedom Forum, TEDIC, Digital Access, Center for AI and Tech Innovation for Democracy and Masaar.
The call for proposals is open to non-profit, non-governmental organizations based in the Global South working on digital rights and related public policy issues. Previously supported organizations have addressed topics such as online child protection, data governance in electoral processes, biometric technologies in stadiums and large events, mandatory biometric data collection of migrants, and discriminatory surveillance and datafication practices.
According to the launch announcement, the Datafication and Democracy Fund “aims to finance research and public policy analysis projects that address critical questions arising from the impact of datafication on democracy.” The Alliance emphasizes that “datafication is a deep and complex process of social transformation: it shapes the provision of public services mediated by information technologies, the emergence of digital public infrastructures, the data-driven nature of elections, the reconfiguration of markets and platforms, and many aspects of civic life. Beyond deliberative processes and elections, datafication exacerbates democratic challenges such as transparency, due process, and respect for citizens’ autonomy.”
Selected applicants will receive grants of up to US$ 8,000 to support their research projects. Depending on the proposals submitted, between 8 and 12 projects will be funded. All funded projects must be carried out during 2026.
Applicants are required to submit:
A one-page cover letter outlining the organization’s background, experience, and motivation for participating in the research program;
A proposal of up to five pages detailing the topic, scope, methodology, expected results, and relevance of the project to digital rights and democracy in the Global South;
A detailed budget, not exceeding US$ 8,000, specifying how resources will be allocated across the proposed project’s components.
Applications must be submitted in English by January 30th 2026, through the designated online form.
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