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N21trn Illusion: How Banks’ Appetite for Government Debt Chokes Growth

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By Blaise Udunze

In a healthy economy, banks serve as the arteries through which capital flows to productive enterprises, creating jobs, stimulating innovation, and driving national prosperity. In Nigeria, however, the reverse has become true as the financial system now thrives not by financing growth, but by funding government deficits. It is an irony where banks grow richer as the economy grows weaker.

Government securities such as FGN Bonds, Treasury Bills, and Open Market Operation (OMO) Bills that were once meant to manage liquidity or finance short-term fiscal gaps have now become the lifeblood of Nigeria’s banking profitability. These instruments are considered risk-free and are backed by the full faith of the federal government. With the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) consistently raising interest rates to attract foreign capital and tame inflation, the yields on these securities have remained highly attractive, making them an irresistible refuge for banks seeking easy profits without the burden of lending risks.

The appeal is understandable with guaranteed returns without the uncertainties of default, collateral disputes, or policy instability. In contrast, lending to the private sector, especially manufacturing, agriculture, and SMEs, comes with high default rates, weak collateral frameworks, and volatile market conditions. Facing these odds, banks have turned away from real-sector lending, preferring to feed off the government’s insatiable appetite for domestic borrowing.

Monetary policy has only deepened this pattern. The CBN’s tightening stance, reflected in elevated Monetary Policy Rates (MPR) and Cash Reserve Ratios (CRR), has made commercial lending less attractive. When interest rates rise, so do returns on T-bills and bonds, prompting banks to reallocate capital toward government securities. Moreover, regulatory provisions permit banks to count government securities as part of their liquidity ratio, making the choice both profitable and compliant.

Macroeconomic instability, exchange rate volatility, inflation, and unpredictable fiscal direction further discourage long-term private lending. At the same time, many small and medium enterprises lack the collateral or formal structures required to access loans. Even when eligible, the prohibitive cost of borrowing, often above 27 percent, makes credit commercially unviable.

According to the CBN’s Financial Stability Report (2023), Nigerian banks held over N21 trillion in government securities, which was more than 40 percent of their total assets. Between 2020 and 2024, the Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) observed that banks’ exposure to government instruments grew by 20-25 percent annually, while credit to the real sector expanded by less than 10 percent. The message is clear, revealing that the banking system has become addicted to sovereign debt.

Recent disclosures from the country’s largest banks provide empirical evidence of this troubling trend.

–       UBA’s H1 2025 interim report shows gross earnings of N1.61 trillion, with interest income of N1.33 trillion. Remarkably, N1.29 trillion of that interest income, which is nearly the entire figure, came from investment securities (amortised cost and FVOCI). This means the bank’s earnings were driven overwhelmingly by returns from government instruments rather than productive lending.

– Access Holdings, in its FY 2024 report, noted that improved yields were “supported by higher returns from investment securities and fixed-income trading activities,” confirming that the bulk of its profit growth came from government instruments rather than credit expansion.

–       GTCO’s FY 2024 and H1 2025 statements similarly highlighted higher yields on fixed-income securities and FX revaluation gains as major profit drivers, again underscoring the dominance of non-lending income sources.

–       Zenith Bank’s investor updates for FY 2024 and Q1 2025 openly stated that “deliberate exposure to government securities boosted earnings,” pointing to a strategic shift toward sovereign debt holdings as a core profit engine.

The data reveals a uniform pattern across Nigeria’s banking industry: profits are being driven by government securities and FX-related gains, not by lending that creates jobs or stimulates production. In UBA’s case, interest from securities alone almost matched its total interest income, illustrating how lending has become a marginal activity. Access, Zenith, and GTCO’s disclosures also confirm that 2024 and early 2025 profitability was underpinned by investment securities and trading gains, which is a model that rewards financial inertia rather than developmental impact.

This trend has far-reaching implications. When banks channel funds toward government debt instead of private enterprise, the productive sector suffers chronic credit starvation. Nigeria’s private-sector credit-to-GDP ratio, hovering around 15-18 percent, pales in comparison to over 100 percent in developed economies and 45-60 percent in emerging markets. With limited access to capital, businesses shrink, factories close, and unemployment deepens. The economy becomes trapped in a cycle of low productivity, weak growth, and worsening inequality.

While banks celebrate record profits, those profits are increasingly disconnected from the real economy. This “risk-free banking” model may appear sound, but it is economically corrosive. It fuels short-term gains at the expense of long-term growth and exposes the system to sovereign risk. Should the government’s fiscal position deteriorate or interest rates spike further, the value of these securities could plummet, leaving banks overexposed and vulnerable.

The CBN has tried to correct course through its Loan-to-Deposit Ratio (LDR) directive, mandating that at least 65 percent of deposits be lent to the real sector. But compliance has been inconsistent and often artificial. Some banks engage in creative accounting or short-term consumer loans to meet the benchmark, without truly supporting productive sectors. The real challenge lies in policy incoherence when a government is too dependent on domestic borrowing and a regulatory environment that fails to reward productive risk-taking.

Nigeria’s financial system urgently needs to return to its primary role: fueling enterprise, not feeding bureaucracy. The government must reduce its borrowing appetite through fiscal discipline and tax reforms. The CBN should create a balanced incentive framework that rewards real-sector lending through credit guarantees, differentiated reserve requirements, and stable macroeconomic policies.

For banks, the call is moral, strategic, and patriotic. True banking is not merely about profit maximization but about building the foundation of national prosperity. The health of the sector depends on the strength of the economy it serves.

Nigeria cannot continue banking on the wrong side of growth. Every Treasury Bill purchased instead of a manufacturing loan and every bond bought in place of agricultural credit widens the gulf between financial success and economic failure. It is time for a reset to make banking once again the engine of real growth, not a spectator profiting from decline.

Blaise, a journalist and PR professional writes from Lagos, can be reached via: [email protected]


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E-Financial

SEC Partners Police in Nationwide Crackdown on Ponzi Schemes, Crypto Frauds

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Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Nigeria Police Force have forged an alliance against illegal scheme operators, investment frauds, and cryptocurrency frauds in a bid to protect the hard-earned savings and the financial dreams of the Nigerian people.

SEC Partners Police in Nationwide Crackdown on Ponzi Schemes, Crypto Frauds

Dr Emomotimi Agama, director-general of the SEC, stated this during a meeting with Kayode Egbetokun, Inspector General of Police, held in Abuja.

Agama said the SEC, as the sentinel at the gate of Nigeria’s formal capital markets, had the mandate to protect investors, maintain fair, efficient, and transparent markets, and promote the growth of a vibrant economy built on trust, which is done by setting rules, licensing operators and market surveillance.

He, however, stated that the Commission faced adversaries who operate in the shadows, outside regulated gates by exploiting the trust of people and promising miraculous returns such as 200 per cent in 30 days.

“Currently, there is a gap, a seam between identification and enforcement that these scammers exploit. Today, we aim to close that gap permanently. Therefore, we propose a robust, institutionalised collaboration with the following pillars: Joint Intelligence and Operations Task Force: Capacity Building and Knowledge Transfer; Streamlined Processes for Enforcement and National Public Awareness Campaign,” he stated.

The SEC DG advocated, “the establishment of a dedicated SEC-NPF team that combines market intelligence, forensic accounting, and understanding of complex financial schemes with investigative and intelligence-gathering capabilities. This team will be the rapid-response unit to new frauds.”

Agama also sought the permission of the IGP to go into a Memorandum of Understanding with the Cyber Security Unit of the Police Force in a bid to ensure that cyberspace is safe for all Nigerians

In his response, the IGP Kayode Egbetokun assured the SEC team that the Nigerian police Force is ready to collaborate with the Commission, strengthen partnership in all the ways possible, and ensure that the Commission achieves its aims.

He said, “Your role in the Securities and Exchange Commission is very crucial to the Nigerian Economy, and with our supervision and support from the government, we will ensure economic recovery and growth. If the police unit in SEC is strengthened, it is going to make such an impact on your enforcement drive. What you said speaks so much to your determination to ensure effective drive in the Capital market, and when we can achieve effective enforcement, it comes with so many benefits.

Egbetokun also congratulated the Commission on the recent achievement of the N100 trillion market capitalisation mark, adding that it will aid economic growth and development.


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E-Financial

Paystack Expands Beyond Payments into Banking

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Nigerian fintech giant, Paystack has taken its boldest step yet beyond payments, acquiring Ladder Microfinance Bank. The fintech giant has quickly rebranded its new acquisition as Paystack Microfinance Bank (MFB) in a strategic shift that could reshape how African businesses access credit, deposits, and embedded financial services.

After nearly a decade building the backbone of online payments in Nigeria, the deal gives Paystack regulatory cover to hold deposits, lend directly to businesses and offer banking-as-a-service products.

More importantly, Paystack’s chief operating officer, Amandine Lobelle, highlighted that it allows the company to exert greater control over the trillions of naira that already flow through its platform every month, turning transaction data into a powerful engine for credit and treasury products.

“After 10 years of building payment infrastructure and going deep, we realised that businesses needed more than just getting paid to grow. We wanted to leverage the expertise that we have built over the last decade to continue to address some of the pain points that businesses have,” said Lobelle.

Paystack MFB will operate as a sister company to its payments business, initially focusing on working capital loans, merchant cash advances, overdrafts and term loans for small and medium-sized enterprises.

By using real-time payment data to underwrite loans, Paystack believes it can offer faster approvals and more accurate risk pricing than traditional lenders, directly tackling Nigeria’s estimated $32 billion small business financing gap.

For Paystack, founded in 2016 and acquired by Stripe in 2020, the move marks a strategic evolution from being just a payments processor to becoming a core part of the financial operating system for African businesses.

Today, Paystack supports more than 300,000 businesses across Nigeria, Ghana, and South Africa and has become one of Africa’s most trusted fintech infrastructure providers.

The banking licence is a game-changer as payments, once Paystack’s main growth engine, are increasingly commoditised across Africa. Lending, deposits and treasury services offer deeper margins, stickier relationships and long-term sustainability.

By layering banking services on top of payments, Paystack is betting that infrastructure depth will outperform flashy consumer scale.

However, the move also throws the Nigerian-born fintech giant into fierce competition with digital -first lenders and neobanks such as Moniepoint, Kuda, OPay and PalmPay, which already operate at massive scale. Still, Paystack’s strength lies in its merchant-first focus and developer-friendly APIs.

 


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E-Financial

FG Halts Tax Guidelines Amid Uncertainty Over Final Laws – Oyedele

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Federal Government has suspended the issuance of implementation guidelines for the new tax laws due to lingering doubts about their final version, Taiwo Oyedele, Chairman of the Presidential Tax Reform Committee, disclosed on Wednesday.

Speaking in Lagos after delivering a keynote address on the 2026 Economic Outlook, organised by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (ICAN) under the theme ‘ICAN@60: Accountability as the Bedrock for National Development,’ Oyedele said he directed the Nigeria Revenue Service (NRS) and Joint Revenue Board (JRB) to hold off on guidelines.

He explained that his team purchased a printed copy from the government printer to verify authenticity, only to learn the National Assembly had seized all copies pending completion of its review. “The Acts Authentication Act says whatever the government printer publishes is the evidence of the law. But lawmakers said it’s not what they passed,” Oyedele stated.

Efforts by Nigeria CommunicationsWeek to reach Senate spokesman, Senator Yemi Adaramodu (APC, Ekiti South), and House of Representatives spokesman, Akin Rotimi, yielded no response, as calls went unanswered and messages unread.

Oyedele acknowledged legislative review as standard but stressed the access restriction reintroduces uncertainty. He instructed his staff to persistently follow up in person at the printer.

Oyedele dismissed allegations of significant alterations to the gazetted versions of the National Revenue Service (Establishment) Act, Joint Revenue Board of Nigeria (Establishment) Act, Nigeria Tax Administration Act, and Nigeria Tax Act, which took effect January 1.

He insisted minor discrepancies do not impact key elements like tax rates, burdens, or filing deadlines. In December, Rep. Abdussamad Dasuki (PDP, Sokoto) raised a privilege matter at the House plenary, highlighting differences between passed versions and gazetted copies after comparing them with Votes and Proceedings.

The House formed a seven-man probe committee, which reported by December 25. On January 3, the National Assembly released Certified True Copies (CTCs) affirming the original passed texts and rejecting the controversial gazettes.

Oyedele decried opposition to reforms, including paid protests and misinformation. “We’ve seen people paid N30 million to protest; the deal broke during sharing, and some spoke to media,” he revealed.

He cited a November 2025 incident where fake news triggered panic sales, wiping N4.6 trillion off the stock market despite exemptions for turnover up to N150 million annually. “That fake news led to real losses, even for pensioners via PFAs,” he warned.

Linking to the event theme, Oyedele called accountability the bridge from reforms to results, urging trust-building, knowledge-seeking, and execution focus.

Panelists advocated coordinated efforts. LCCI Director-General Dr. Chinyere Almona called for inter-agency engagement, technology, and centralised monitoring to resolve policy conflicts.

MAN Director-General Segun Ajayi-Kadir sought inclusive growth without hurting competitiveness, noting manufacturing’s sub-10% GDP share, sector challenges, and N2 trillion in unsold inventory.

Session chair Mohammed Hayatudeen described 2026 as a pivotal year post-2023/2024 turbulence, with stabilised inflation, exchange rates, and reserves, but persistent high poverty. He questioned if tax policy ambition matches administrative capacity.

ICAN President Mallam Haruna Nma Yahaya welcomed guests, emphasising accountability for economic stability amid fragile recovery. He highlighted 2025 gains: GDP growth over 4% in Q2, inflation easing to mid-14s, forex reserves at multi-year highs, trade surpluses, and PMI at 57.6.

Yet, he cautioned fragility without discipline. “Accountability is an economic imperative,” Yahaya said, citing global evidence on strong institutions, and urged practical solutions for governance.


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